改良剂对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

稻田镉(Cd)污染治理是我国目前农田重金属污染治理的重点和难点.铁的氧化还原过程对Cd在土壤-水稻系统中的运移发挥着极其重要的作用.从铁循环调控入手,研发阻控稻米Cd累积的钝化技术及产品,势必能为农田重金属污染治理提供新的解决途径.本研究以自主研发的改良剂为对象,通过野外田间试验,研究改良剂对Cd从根际土壤向根表铁膜迁移及在水稻不同组织器官间转运的影响,探索铁循环影响Cd在根际土壤-水稻系统中运移的机制.结果表明,改良剂施用促进了根际土壤中铁硫化物的形成,其与Cd共沉淀显著减少了分蘖期、拔节期和灌浆期根际土壤中乙酸铵浸提态Cd(NH4AcCd)的含量;成熟期排水烤田致使铁硫化物被氧化,其对Cd的释放显著增大了根际土壤中NH4Ac-Cd的含量;铁硫化物形成减弱了Fe(Ⅱ)从根际土壤向根表的迁移能力,铁膜中铁(DCB-Fe)的含量随之减小,铁膜对Cd的吸附能力减弱导致分蘖期和灌浆期铁膜中Cd(DCB-Cd)的含量显著减小;改良剂施用有效减弱了根系对Cd的转运能力,增大了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在根系的分布比例,而减少了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在茎叶、以及成熟期Cd在糙米中的分布比例.本研究成果将为后期改良剂的研发及应用提供理论依据,对解决稻田Cd污染治理难题具有重要意义.     

Effects of sewage sludge amendments on pesticide sorption and leaching through undisturbed Mediterranean soils

The Gharb region in Morocco is an important agricultural zone where soils receive pesticide treatments and organic amendments to increase yields. The groundwater aquifer in the Gharb region is relatively shallow and thus vulnerable. The objective of this work was to study the influence of organic amendments on diuron, cyhalofop-butyl and procymidone leaching through undisturbed soil columns. Two soils were sampled from the Gharb region, a Dehs (sandy soil) and a R’mel (loamy clay soil). Following elution (124.5 mm), the amount of pesticide residues in the leachates of the sandy soil (0.06–0.21 %) was lower than in those of the loamy clay soil (0.20–0.36 %), which was probably due to preferential flow through the loamy clay soil. The amount of procymidone leached through the amended soil columns was greater than the control for the sandy soil only. The organic amendments did not significantly influence diuron and cyhalofop-butyl leaching in either of the soils. The application of organic amendments affected the amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) eluted and thus pesticide leaching as a function of soil-type. Nevertheless, in some case, the formation of pesticide-DOM complexes appeared to promote pesticide leaching, thus increasing groundwater contamination risks.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

改良剂对中国两种典型土壤铜锌有效性的影响及机理

研究了改良剂对土壤铜锌有效性的影响,以期对重金属复合污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义。在红壤与黄泥土中施用石灰、重钙和沸石,观测土壤有效态铜锌含量及pH,并测定了不同pH值下土壤有效态铜锌含量,以阐明改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的机理。向供试土壤中外源加入一定量的铜锌溶液,制成铜、锌污染土壤,稳定平衡30d,采用CaCl2浸提法测定土壤有效态铜锌的含量。结果表明,施用改良剂能显著降低土壤铜锌的有效性,其中石灰的效果最佳,沸石次之,重钙最差。两种土壤中,复合污染下铜锌有效态含量均高于单一污染,其中铜单一污染有效态含量与复合污染差异显著(P<0.05),而锌单一污染与复合污染差异不显著(P>0.05)。可能是因为锌比铜竞争力更强,更易于被土壤吸附固定。随着土壤pH升高,两种土壤的有效态铜锌含量均显著下降,且复合污染高于单一污染;而在相同pH值下,两种土壤中有效态铜锌含量的差异不显著。可见,pH值是影响土壤重金属有效性的关键因素。改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的主要机理在于其能显著提高土壤pH值,致使有效态重金属含量明显下降。     

红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

超积累植物和化学改良剂联合修复锌镉污染土壤后的微生物特征

通过盆栽试验,观察分析不同的土壤改良配方对重金属超积累植物东南景天盆栽土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、Cmic及Nmic的影响,以此来筛选出最优的促进东南景天修复锌镉污染土壤的改良剂配方。结果显示:细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,与土壤Zn、Cd的去除率、东南景天植株干质量、Cmic及Cmic/Nmic两两之间都呈现极显著正相关关系(但Cmic/Nmic与真菌数量仅呈显著相关)。添加了土壤改良剂后,细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量都有不同程度的增加,其中以细菌数量的增加最为显著,放线菌次之,真菌则对各种土壤处理相对较不敏感;在各种土壤配方中,添加了6 g赤泥、15 g污泥和15 g沸石的T7处理最有利于各类土壤微生物的生长,微生物量碳达到345.64 mg.kg-1,与其它处理之间都达到显著差异。因此,可以利用土壤微生物作为污染土壤改良情况的生物指标。该研究为下阶段研究化学改良剂-植物-微生物修复技术奠定了基础。     

Species Listing under Canada's Species at Risk Act

Abstract: In a preliminary analysis of listing decisions under Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA), Mooers et al. (2007) demonstrated an apparent bias against marine and northern species. As a follow‐up, we expanded the set of potential explanatory variables, including information on jurisdictional and administrative elements of the listing process, and considered an additional 16 species recommended for listing by SARA's scientific advisory committee as of 15 August 2006. Logistic model selection based on Akaike differences suggested that species were less likely to be listed if they were harvested or had commercial or subsistence harvesting as an explicitly identified threat; had Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) as a responsible authority (RA); were located in Canada's north generally, and especially in Nunavut; or were found mostly or entirely within Canada. Subsequent model validation with an independent set of 50 species for which a listing decision was handed down in December 2007 showed an overall misclassification rate of <0.10, indicating reasonable predictive power. In light of these results, we recommend that RAs under SARA adopt a two‐track listing approach to address problems of delays arising from extended consultations and the inconsistent use by the RAs of socioeconomic analysis; consider revising SARA so that socioeconomic analysis occurs during decisions about protecting species and their habitats rather than at the listing stage; and maintain an integrated database with information on species’ biology, threats, and agency actions to enable future evaluation of SARA's impact.     

Cost estimates of the Kigali Amendment to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are synthetically produced compounds primarily used for cooling purposes and with strong global warming properties. In this paper, we analyze the global abatement costs for achieving the substantial reductions in HFC consumption agreed in the Kigali Amendment (KA) of the Montreal Protocol from October 2016. We estimate that compliance with the KA is expected to remove 39 Pg CO₂eq or 61% of global baseline HFC emissions over the entire period 2018–2050. The marginal cost of meeting the KA targets is expected to remain below 60 €/t CO₂eq throughout the period in all world regions except for developed regions where legislation to control HFC emissions has already been in place since a few years. For the latter regions, the required HFC consumption reduction is expected to come at a marginal cost increasing steadily to between 90 and 118 €/t CO₂eq in 2050. Depending on the expected rate of technological development and the extent to which envisaged electricity savings can be realized, compliance with KA is estimated attainable at a global cost ranging from a net cost-saving of 240 billion € to a net cost of 350 billion € over the entire period 2018 to 2050 and with future global electricity-savings estimated at between 0.2% and 0.7% of expected future electricity consumption.     

Butachlor Degradation in Tropical Soils: Effect of Application Rate,Biotic-Abiotic Interactions and Soil Conditions

The degradative characteristics of butachlor (N-Butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyla- cetanilide) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam alluvial (AL) soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (Typic endoaquept) from rice cultivated fields. The application rates included field rate (FR), 2-times FR (2FR) and 10-times FR (10FR). The incubation study was carried out at 30°C with and without decomposed cow manure (DCM) at 60% of maximum water holding capacity (WHC) and waterlogged soil condition. The half-life values depended on the soil types and initial concentrations of butachlor. Butachlor degraded faster in AL soil and in soil amended with DCM under waterlogged condition. Microbial degradation is the major avenue of butachlor degradation from soils.     

Impact of biofumigation with solarization on degradation of pesticides and heavy metal accumulation

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofumigation (with sheep and chicken manure) combined with solarization on the dissipation of pesticides (pyrifenox, DDT and dieldrin), and on soil metals accumulation. The treatments consisted of a control, and soil disinfestations by biofumigation combined with solarization (B+S) for two, four, five, six consecutive years. B+S enhanced the dissipation of pyrifenox with regard to control treatment. Significant differences were not detected among plots disinfected with B+S for consecutive years. On the other hand, B+S had no effect on the dissipation of DDT and dieldrin, probably due to the resistance of these pesticides to microbial degradation and/or high temperatures. Biofumigation is considered to be an environmentally safe practice, since no accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, or Zn was observed after the subsequent application of organic matter through the treatments.