Enhanced Ni phytoextraction by effectiveness of chemical and biological amendments in sunflower plant grown in Ni-polluted soils

A greenhouse study was conducted as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement to assess how inoculation of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) and application of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid) as biological and chemical amendments can affect the Ni (nickel) phytoremediation in Ni-polluted soils using sunflower plant. The results showed that the inoculation of AMF increased root colonisation while applying EDTA and high level of Ni decreased it. Microbial incubation has a positive effect on both shoot and root dry yields; however, co-application of Ni and EDTA demoted the growth rate. Shoot nutrients uptake of plants decreased as Ni levels increased. In inoculated plants, shoot uptake of Zn, Fe and Mn was higher in all Ni levels than non-inoculated plants. Ni uptake in plant shoots and roots increased with applying both AMF and EDTA. However, the mean Ni concentration and uptake in inoculated plants along with applying EDTA are higher in sunflower shoots than in roots. As Ni levels increased, Ni extraction and uptake efficiencies increased; it can be concluded co-application of EDTA and AMF was effective in increasing phytoextraction potential of sunflower plants in Ni-contaminated sites. This study highlights that AMF could be suitable for cleaning Ni-polluted areas and it could significantly contribute to phytoremediation technology.     

4种钝化剂对污染水稻土中Cu和Cd的固持机制

为揭示钝化剂阻控后Cu和Cd二次活化的风险程度,本文采用石灰石（LS）、麦饭石（MF）、生物炭（BC）和铁改性生物炭（Fe-BC）这4种钝化剂,研究其施用后土壤及土壤胶体中Cu和Cd形态变化和内源铁氧化物类型、形貌变化归趋.结果表明,钝化剂对土壤Cu和Cd的固持效果表现为LS>MF>Fe-BC>BC.LS和MF处理后土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cu质量分数分别减少8.19%和2.33%,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别增加8.00%和2.69%,二次活化的风险较高;BC和Fe-BC处理后,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别减少2.21%和5.90%,有机结合态Cu质量分数分别增加4.75%和3.48%,钝化效果更稳定.LS、MF、BC和Fe-BC处理后,土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cd质量分数分别减少7.64%、8.34%、2.37%和6.73%,残渣态Cd质量分数分别增加8.27%、9.18%、5.73%和9.60%,说明钝化处理后,Cd二次活化的风险较低.胶体中Cu和Cd的含量分别为489.92mg·kg^-1和2.57mg·kg^-1,远高于土壤中Cu和Cd的含量239.98mg·kg^-1和1.93mg·kg^-1,且4种钝化剂施用后,土壤胶体中非晶质氧化铁结合态Cu和Cd含量显著增加,说明这是重金属生物有效性降低的主要原因和路径.     

土壤调理剂对稻米中镉含量及其品质的影响

近年来土壤调理剂被大量投入到重金属污染农田治理修复中,大部分产品使用后可以达到农产品质量安全的效果,但对农产品品质影响方面关注较少.选取市面上销量较大的4种(A、B、C、D)土壤调理剂,通过早、晚两造水稻大田验证试验结果来评价调理剂对水稻生长的影响,对指导实际安全生产具有重要的意义.结果表明,施用土壤调理剂可以增加水稻...     

广东大宝山多金属污染排土场耐性植物与改良剂稳定修复研究

通过在广东大宝山多金属污染排土场种植重金属耐性作物红麻、苎麻,辅以石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭的土壤改良,研究不同植物稳定修复模式下植物的生长状况、土壤pH与重金属含量、径流液产生与理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:改良剂处理有效促进红麻、苎麻生长,提高株高、根长和生物量,有助于排土场土壤的植被恢复.石灰与有机肥、生物炭的施加可以改善土壤酸性环境,将土壤pH由酸性显著提高至中性,降低土壤重金属生物有效性,且生物炭的作用更显著;随着红麻、苎麻稳定修复时间的增加,土壤重金属有效态含量呈一定程度下降趋势.植物的定植和土壤改良还可以减少地表径流的产生;提高径流液pH,但pH会随着修复时间的增加而下降;径流液中溶解态和悬浮态重金属含量均在植物稳定修复过程中得到降低,土壤中重金属污染物的扩散迁移得到有效控制.     

复合改良剂对Cd污染稻田早晚稻产地修复效果

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,连续种植早晚两季水稻,研究复合改良剂(石灰石+硅藻土+硫酸铁)对稻田土壤重金属Cd的生物有效性和水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,施用复合改良剂提高了早、晚稻土壤pH值、CEC值,降低了早稻土壤中有机质含量(OM值).Cd的TCLP提取态与交换态Cd含量分别降低了18.0%~33.0%、5.4%~57.9%,但对晚稻土壤中Cd的2种提取态含量与OM值影响不显著.施用复合改良剂显著降低早稻糙米、谷壳、茎叶、根系中的Cd含量,分别降低了29.6%~56.1%、52.1%~54.0%、18.1%~80.7%、24.4%~41.6%.早稻与晚稻之间对Cd的转运能力呈现明显差异,Cd在晚稻植株体内的转运过程更为通畅.晚稻除谷壳中的Cd含量在2 g·kg~(-1)的添加量下有所上升外,复合改良剂对水稻各部位Cd含量影响不显著(P0.05).糙米中Cd含量与土壤中TCLP可提取态含量和Cd的交换态含量存在显著正相关关系.复合改良剂有效地抑制了早稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,糙米中的Cd含量显著降低;晚稻期间复合改良剂随水分流失,不能持续地固化土壤中的Cd,建议在各季稻之间补加一次.     

磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加对河道底泥磷迁移与形态转化的影响

首先采用Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)、溶解性锆盐、膨润土和碱液作为原料制备得到了一种磁性锆铁改性膨润土,再通过底泥培养实验考察了磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加对底泥中磷迁移与形态转化的影响.结果表明,在缺氧条件下,河道底泥中磷会被释放进入间隙水中,继而会被释放进入上覆水中,而磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加可以极大地降低底泥中磷向间隙水的迁移通量,最终导致了上覆水中磷数量的显著下降.此外,添加磁性锆铁改性膨润土不仅促使底泥中弱吸附态磷(Liable-P)和氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这2种容易释放态磷向较为稳定的金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-rP)和非常稳定的残渣态磷(Res-P)转变,而且降低了底泥中水溶性磷(WSP)、易解吸磷(RDP)、NaHCO_3可提取磷(Olsen-P)、藻类可利用磷(AAP)和铁氧化物-滤纸提取磷(FeO-P)这5种不同类型生物有效态磷(BAP)含量,从而降低了底泥中磷的释放风险.从底泥中分离出来的磁性锆铁改性膨润土中潜在活性磷(NH4Cl-P+BD-P)占总磷的26%左右,且含一定数量的FeO-P和Olsen-P(含量分别为161 mg·kg~(-1)和127mg·kg~(-1)).因此,及时采用磁分离的方式从底泥中将吸附磷后的磁性锆铁改性膨润土回收是非常必要的.磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加控制河道底泥中磷释放的机制是:改良剂通过对底泥中潜在活性磷和生物有效态磷的钝化作用,以及通过对间隙水中磷的吸附作用,降低了底泥中磷向间隙水的释放风险,导致间隙水中磷浓度的下降,进而降低了底泥-上覆水界面磷的扩散通量,最终导致上覆水中磷浓度的下降.以上结果说明,磁性锆铁改性膨润土是一种非常有希望的用于控制河道底泥中磷释放的改良剂.     

三元土壤调理剂对田间水稻镉砷累积转运的影响

通过镉砷复合污染稻田的土壤调理剂原位治理,研究了三元土壤调理剂QFJ（羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭）对稻田土壤基本理化性质和水稻各部位镉砷累积转运的影响.结果表明,在土壤Cd总量3.58 mg·kg^-1,As总量124.79 mg·kg^-1污染程度下,施用QFJ后,水稻根际土壤pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量有增大的趋势;土壤交换态Cd和As含量可分别从0.37 mg·kg^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1下降到0.12 mg·kg^-1、0.04 mg·kg^-1.QFJ的施用,可有效降低水稻各部位中Cd和As含量,在9.00 t·hm^-2施用量水平,可将糙米中Cd含量从0.46 mg·kg^-1下降到0.18 mg·kg^-1,无机As含量从0.25 mg·kg^-1降低到0.16 mg·kg^-1,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg^-1的要求,实现水稻安全生产.施用QFJ减少了水稻根系对Cd和As的富集,降低了水稻植株将Cd从地下部转运到地上部的能力,降低了根系转运Cd的能力以及茎叶、谷壳转运As的能力.     

Reduction of the movement and persistence of pesticides in soil through common agronomic practices

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.     

环境法的“污染者负担“原则研究

“污染者负担”原则的接受和确认，在我国环境立法中是一个渐进深化过程。在环境法中确立“污染者负担”原则，首先涉及的是“污染者负担”的法律界定。我国环境立法先后规定了“准污染，谁治理”和“污染者治理”原则，但有其固有缺陷，亟须改造为“污染者负担”原则。     

2种组配改良剂修复镉砷复合污染稻田土壤的研究

将2种复合改良剂LI(碳酸钙+铁粉)和HI(羟基磷灰石+铁粉)施加于镉、砷复合污染稻田土壤,设置投加比例分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1,通过分析熟化后土壤的p H值、毒性浸出(TCLP提取态)镉、砷含量及交换态镉和砷含量,研究了复合改良剂同时固定这两种污染元素的效果.结果表明,施加LI使土壤p H值提高了0.60~1.21,降低了土壤TCLP提取态镉、交换态镉含量,以及TCLP提取态砷和交换态砷含量;与对照相比,配比为2∶1的LI使土壤TCLP提取态镉含量降低了60.97%,效果较好;配比为1∶2和1∶1的LI分别使TCLP提取态砷含量降低了29.81%、29.85%;配比为1∶2的LI使交换态砷含量降低了55.18%.施加HI同样提高了土壤的p H值(升高了0.51~0.73),同时降低了土壤中97.05%~98.09%的TCLP提取态镉含量,效果显著;施加HI略微提高了土壤TCLP提取态砷含量,但却略微降低了土壤交换态砷含量.在本实验条件下,综合考虑土壤中镉和砷的稳定化效果,LI的效果明显好于HI.其中,从TCLP提取态镉和砷含量来评价,2∶1的LI施用效果最佳;从交换态镉和砷含量来评价,1∶2的LI施用效果最佳.