Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

基于Brute-Force方法的京津冀区域夏季臭氧反应机制

近年来京津冀区域夏季臭氧（O₃）体积分数仍居高位,轻中度污染频繁发生,相关反应机制研究亟需开展.利用WRF-Chem模式对该区域2018年夏季代表月O₃浓度进行模拟,并基于Brute-Force方法探究了区域层面前体物减排的O₃变化.O₃在不同排放情景的变化表明,该区域O₃反应机制以VOCs控制区与非敏感区为主,VOCs控制区主要聚集京津冀中部,呈南北带状分布,面积占比15.60%~26.59%.区域各市城区的O₃浓度对前体物排放的相对响应强度（RRI）具有很大的空间差异性,对于VOCs,RRI_VOC在0.03~0.16范围内;而对于NO_x,RRI_NO_x在-0.40~0.03范围内.纬度越高的城区,RRI值越剧烈,表明了越为显著的区域输送影响.前体物排放强度高的城区,RRI_NO_x值越低,暗示RRI_NO_x对当地NO₂浓度的负向依赖;但RRI_VOC与NO₂水平无明显关联,更依赖于对前体物相对丰度（VOCs ：NO_x）.RRI_VOC与RRI_NO_x比值在多数城市表现为负值,VOCs协同减排以抑制O₃浓度恶化十分必要;该比值的绝对值在工业化和城市化高的城市远低于普通中小城市,意味着这些城市VOCs协同减排的要求将更高.然而,即使在前体物50%减排下,区域各城市O₃浓度改善仍然有限,毗邻省份的区域外联合治理也依然重要.     

不同时间尺度下杭州市O3污染特征及控制因素

通过集中整治,我国空气质量已经有了明显改善,但在减排背景下近地面高ρ(O₃)仍是当前最复杂的大气环境问题之一.利用2011—2017年(尤其是杭州市G20峰会期间)ρ(O₃)、ρ(NO_x)、ρ(VOCs)和气象条件观测数据,分析了杭州市G20峰会期间及不同时间尺度下杭州市ρ(O₃)的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①杭州市ρ(O₃)日变化呈单峰型特征,15:00左右ρ(O₃)达最大值(98.55 μg/m3);ρ(O₃)周变化存在“周末效应”,周末ρ(O₃)明显高于工作日;1 a中4—9月为ρ(O₃)高值期,ρ(O₃)峰值出现在5月和9月.以2013年为界,将2011—2017年ρ(O₃)变化分成下降和上升2个阶段,2011—2013年呈下降趋势,降幅约为15.02 μg/m3,2014—2017年呈上升趋势,增幅约为23.25 μg/m3.②减排措施的实施对ρ(O₃)存在双重作用,其可通过降低前体物质量浓度抑制O₃的生成,又能引起大气污染物质量浓度下降、太阳辐射增强,从而促进O₃的生成.当O₃前体物质量浓度较低时,在强太阳辐射等气象条件驱动下,近地面仍会呈现高ρ(O₃)的现象.③气象条件是驱动ρ(O₃)日、月变化的控制因素;相反,前体物质量浓度则是ρ(O₃)周、年变化的控制因素,此时VOCs或NO_x控制区、“周末效应”等ρ(O₃)变化特征开始显现.研究显示,不同时间尺度下杭州市O₃污染的控制因素不同.      

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH₃) _Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH₃ in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO₂ in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO₃)_, and more than 80% of TNO₃ occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH₃) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH₃ occurred as gaseous NH₃. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH₃ concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl^?) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO₃^?).     

环境中全氟辛基磺酸前体物好氧生物降解进展

目前,在土壤、大气、水体等各种环境介质中均检测到了全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）及其前体物（PrePFOS）的存在.自然条件下,PrePFOS的非生物降解量可以忽略不计,其生物降解的途径和降解量是预测未来PFOS环境行为的基础.本文对PrePFOS在环境介质中的分布以及生物降解进行了综述.在所有的PrePFOS中,关于N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺乙醇（EtFOSE）的研究较深入,其在土壤、活性污泥、沉积物中的降解途径及PFOS产量均有报道,EtFOSE的降解速度及其PFOS产量与介质的理化性质、微生物群落结构密切相关,N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸（EtFOSAA）脱羧转化为N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺（EtFOSA）是EtFOSE转化为PFOS的主要限速步骤.最新关于EtFOSE在土壤中的好氧生物降解的研究首次提出全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸（FOSAA）脱羧形成全氟辛基磺酰胺（FOSA）是EtFOSE转化成PFOS的另外一个可能的限速步骤.全氟辛基磷酸酯（DiSAmPAP）在沉积物中的半衰期>380d,其可能的降解途径是先降解为EtFOSE,之后降解为PFOS.最后,在已有研究基础上,提出目前PrePFOS研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向.     

深圳市夏季臭氧污染研究

以2009年8月为例分析了深圳市夏季臭氧污染情况及污染气象特征,基于二维空气质量模式对臭氧污染控制进行数值模拟. 结果表明:深圳市８月各监测点均存在臭氧超标现象,污染形势严峻;副热带高压控制和热带气旋外围下沉气流是造成夏季出现高浓度臭氧的主要天气过程,此时大气边界层混合层高度在500～800 m,且近地面风速约在5 ms以内,不利于污染物扩散;臭氧的生成受前体物挥发性有机物(VOC)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的共同影响,其中VOC排放的影响较大,深圳市臭氧控制应以降低VOC排放量为重点,模拟得出对VOC和NO_x按25∶1～40∶1的比例协同减排可有效降低臭氧污染.      

氯对饮用水中可同化有机碳的影响

通过分析太湖水的分子量分布变化以及亲疏组分,考察氯反应生成AOC的效果和机理.结果表明,弱疏组分的AOC生成量最大,其次为强疏,中亲和带负电亲水的生成量最少.氯主要与小分子的疏水性有机物反应,AOC的生成量最多.通过考察深度处理工艺的有机物分子量以及组分的变化,发现疏水性有机物呈逐渐下降而亲水性组分呈上升的趋势,表明氯化产生的AOC呈减少趋势.小分子的疏水性有机物是主要的氯化AOC的前体物.     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

南黄海Ms6.1地震电磁辐射特征

介绍了长江三角洲观测台网记录到的南黄海６．１级地震电磁辐射异常，并结合１９７９年溧阳Ｍｓ６．０、１９８４年南黄海Ｍｓ６．２地震前的电磁辐射观测资料及国内其它资料，分析了异常的主要特征。初步讨论了ＤＰＪ型电磁辐射观测仪的甚低频段及ＵＬＦ型地震电磁信息观测仪的超低频段天线方向特性对震中预测的意义问题     

台湾海峡7.3级强震前的热红外增温异常

描述了１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡７．３级地震前，在震中区附近上空观测到大面积的突发性增温异常带。并对该异常带的形成机理作了探索。