不同施氮量下水稻分蘖期光合碳向土壤碳库的输入及其分配的量化研究：13C连续标记法

应用稳定同位素13C-CO2连续标记技术,通过室内密闭培养试验研究不同施氮处理下(依次为N0,N10,N20,N40,N60)水稻分蘖期光合碳向土壤碳库的输入及其分配特征.结果表明,连续标记培养18 d后,水稻地上部和根系的干物质累积量分别为1.58~4.35 g·plot-1和1.05~2.44 g·plot-1,水稻植株生物量受施氮处理显著影响,且随着施氮量增加而增加,即N60>N40>N20>N10>N0.水稻整个分蘖期内分别有44.0~157.6 g·plot-1和8.3~49.4 g·plot-1的光合碳进入水稻地上部和根系.不同施氮水平下,种植水稻的土壤有机碳(13C-SOC)、可溶性有机碳(13C-DOC)和微生物量碳(13C-MBC)的分配量均显著高于CK处理(不种植水稻且不施N).种植水稻的土壤13C-SOC含量范围为11.1~23.7 g·plot-1,占总净同化量的10.2%~18.1%.对于活性碳库,CK处理的土壤13C-DOC和13C-MBC含量分别为3.50μg·kg-1和88.9μg·kg-1,种植水稻处理的土壤13C-DOC、13C-MBC含量范围为4.82~14.51μg·kg-1、526.1~1 478.8μg·kg-1.土壤13C-SOC、13C-DOC和13C-MBC含量受施氮处理显著影响(P<0.05),且与植物生物量呈显著正相关关系.因此,水稻分蘖期光合碳的地下部输入有利于土壤有机碳的累积,施氮能够促进水稻新鲜根际碳的沉积,且高N水平下根际沉积碳量高于低N和中量N水平.     

Social determinants of soil and water conservation in rural Kenya

Soil erosion is a major environmental problem and threat to rural development in Kenya. Numerous attempts to address the problem have apparently had little success. There are however some districts that have been very successful, notably Machakos. In this study we search for the factors that determine successful development in soil conservation such as social capital, human capital and market integration. One of our main results is that social capital measures are significant determinants of investment in soil conservation. A better understanding of the relevant mechanisms is essential for developing policies targeting improvement in natural resource management.

Equation for isotope accumulation in products and biomass as a way to reveal the pathways in mesophilic methanol methanization by microbial community

Isotope-labelling of substrate is used to reveal the methabolic pathways of substrate transformation by microbial community. In this paper, in order to describe the batch mesophilic anaerobic methanization of ¹³C-labelled methanol and microbial ecology analysis (Li et al., 2008), an equation for the isotope accumulation in products and biomass was included into the basic mathematical model based on stoichiometric chemical reactions. The higher was the isotope level in substrate, the larger fraction of ¹³C accumulated in products and biomass. Acetate, total organic and inorganic carbon (TOC, TIC) concentrations and methane production were used for the model calibration, whereas ¹³C enrichment of acetate, TIC and biomass were used for model validation. In the model, chemical transformations including methanol and acetate oxidation, homoacetogenesis, hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogenesis were considered. The rate-limiting reactions were methanol and acetate consumption. According to the model, homoacetogens performing acetate formation and oxidation were competed with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for hydrogen. Biphasic methane production was due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the first phase and due to acetiticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis following acetate oxidation in the second phase.     

Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves

There is profound interest in knowing the degree to which China's institutions are capable of protecting its natural forests and biodiversity in the face of economic and political change. China's 2 most important forest‐protection policies are its National Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and its national‐level nature reserves (NNRs). The NFPP was implemented in 2000 in response to deforestation‐caused flooding. We undertook the first national, quantitative assessment of the NFPP and NNRs to examine whether the NFPP achieved its deforestation‐reduction target and whether the NNRs deter deforestation altogether. We used MODIS data to estimate forest cover and loss across mainland China (2000–2010). We also assembled the first‐ever polygon dataset for China's forested NNRs (n = 237, 74,030 km² in 2000) and used both conventional and covariate‐matching approaches to compare deforestation rates inside and outside NNRs (2000–2010). In 2000, 1.765 million km² or 18.7% of mainland China was forested (12.3% with canopy cover of ≥70%)) or woodland (6.4% with canopy cover <70% and tree plus shrub cover ≥40%). By 2010, 480,203 km² of forest and woodland had been lost, an annual deforestation rate of 2.7%. Forest‐only loss was 127,473 km² (1.05% annually). In the NFPP provinces, the forest‐only loss rate was 0.62%, which was 3.3 times lower than in the non‐NFPP provinces. Moreover, the Landsat data suggest that these loss rates are overestimates due to large MODIS pixel size. Thus, China appears to have achieved, and even exceeded, its target of reducing deforestation to 1.1% annually in the NFPP provinces. About two‐thirds of China's NNRs were effective in protecting forest cover (prevented loss 4073 km² unmatched approach; 3148 km² matched approach), and within‐NNR deforestation rates were higher in provinces with higher overall deforestation. Our results indicate that China's existing institutions can protect domestic forest cover.