不同碳负荷梯度下稻田土壤有机碳矿化特征

易利用态有机碳是土壤微生物的重要碳源,影响土壤有机碳的矿化和累积过程,而易利用态碳源的输入量尤其是相对于土壤微生物生物量碳的不同输入负荷,对土壤有机碳的矿化影响机制尚不明确.因此,本研究采取室内模拟培养实验,选择不同浓度梯度添加[0. 5、1、3、5倍微生物量碳(MBC)]~(13)C-葡萄糖,分析葡萄糖-C的矿化特征及其激发效应.结果表明,葡萄糖-C矿化率随着外源碳添加量的增加而显著增加;葡萄糖-C向快库、慢库分配的比例也分别与碳添加量呈指数关系(R~2=0. 99,P 0. 05和R~2=0. 99,P 0. 05).在高添加量处理(3×MBC、5×MBC)中,葡萄糖的添加抑制土壤原有有机碳的矿化,即表现出负激发效应;而在低添加量处理(0. 5×MBC、1×MBC)中,表现为正激发效应,60 d培养结束后累积激发效应分别为160. 0 mg·kg~(-1)和325. 1 mg·kg~(-1).相关性分析结果表明在培养实验前期,累积激发效应主要受MBC、MBN和DOC的影响,而在后期主要β-葡糖苷酶、几丁质酶和铵态氮的影响.因此,稻田土壤有机碳矿化和激发效应与易利用态有机碳添加的碳负荷密切相关,并通过微生物量和酶活性调控土壤碳的矿化过程.本研究对于揭示稻田有机碳累积行为与推动农业可持续发展具有重要的科学意义.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的分离纯化及形态表征

采用超滤法和层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、²⁷Al-NMR、TEM和粒度测定仪对分离纯化所得的Al₁₃形态进行了分析和表征.研究结果表明,超滤法分离纯化的效果受超滤膜的孔径及PAC浓度的影响,选择合适孔径的膜和PAC溶液浓度即可以获得高纯度的Al₁₃,在层析法中则随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到Al₁₃;Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和²⁷Al-NMR的分析结果表明,采用上述2种方法分离提纯得到的样品中Al₁₃的含量分别可达到90%以上和100%.TEM和粒度测定结果表明,在B=2.5的PAC溶液中,Al₁₃极少以Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的单体形态存在,而是呈两维结构的线性和枝状的聚集体,Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的聚集体尺寸通常在几十至几百nm.     

多种同位素手段的硝酸盐污染源解析:以会仙湿地为例

近年来,湿地在人类掠夺性开发下生态环境正不断恶化.其中,硝酸盐污染就是湿地生态环境面临的一类主要问题.本文以会仙岩溶湿地为研究对象,为查明导致湿地水体硝酸盐升高的主要因素,利用~(15)N(NO_3~-)、~(18)O(NO_3~-)同位素手段确定区内硝酸盐污染的主要来源,并借助SIAR模型确定各类污染源的贡献率.在此基础上,通过~(13)C_(DIC)同位素定性描述地下水的径流条件,以此探究硝酸根浓度的空间分布与水循环的关系.结果表明,影响研究区水体中硝酸根浓度的主要因素有3个方面,动物粪便及生活污水、化肥中NO_3~-和土壤氮,其对硝酸盐污染的贡献率均值分别为39.1%、32.2%和28.5%.~(13)C_(DIC)同位素结果显示,轻~(13)C_(DIC)表明其地下水径流条件好,其对应的NO_3~-浓度值一般较低,而重~(13)C_(DIC)对应的NO_3~-浓度值一般较高.由此可知,地下水径流条件的好坏也一定程度地影响了NO_3~-浓度的分布.     

Hydrolyzed AI（Ⅲ） clusters： Speciation stability of nano-All3

Pure nano-Al13 and aggregates at various concentrations were prepared to examine the particle size e ect of coagulation with inorganic polymer flocculant. The property and stability of various species formed were characterized using Infrared, 27Al-NMR, photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and Ferron assay. Results showed that concentration and temperature exhibited di erent roles on the stability of Al13. The quantity of Alb species analyzed by ferron assay in the initial aging period corresponded well with that of Al13, which has been confirmed in a dimension range of 1–2 nm by PCS. Al13 solutions at high concentrations (0.5–2.11 mol/L) were observed to undergo further aggregation with aging. The aggregates with a wide particle size distribution would contribute to the disappeared/decreased Al13 basis on the 27Al-NMR spectrum, whereas a part of Al13 would still remain as Alb. At low concentrations, Al13 solution was quite stable at normal temperature, but lost its stability quickly when heating to 90°C.     

典型排放源黑碳的稳定碳同位素组成研究

采集了我国主要的黑碳排放源(生物质燃烧、民用燃煤和机动车尾气)的烟尘样品,分析烟尘中黑碳(BC)和总碳(TC)与原始燃料的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),对比各种δ13C值之间的关联性,评估运用δ13C技术进行BC源解析的潜力.结果表明:①3种典型排放源烟尘样品的δ13CBC与燃料有较好的一致性,且不同排放源的δ13CBC变化范围之间有比较明显的差别:生物质燃料除玉米秸(C4植物,δ13CBC为-13.62‰)显著不同外,C3植物的δ13CBC平均值为-26.49‰±1.17‰;烟煤的平均值为-23.46‰±0.37‰;机动车尾气(包括柴油车和汽油车)的平均值为-25.17‰±0.40‰.②各种排放源的BC形成过程存在程度各异的碳同位素分馏,C4植物(玉米秸)燃烧过程分馏作用较明显(BC的δ13C相对燃料负偏1.62‰),而C3植物和民用煤燃烧过程的分馏较小(分别正偏0.63‰和0.52‰).③BC的纯化手段(CTO-375方法)对生物质烟尘的δ13C有一定的影响(BC和TC的δ13C相差约为0.50‰),对化石燃料烟尘没有影响.上述典型排放源的δ13C数据库可为BC源解析提供依据.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13的层析法分离及其水解过程研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和27Al-NMR对Al13形态进行分析和表征;结果表明,在层析法分离中,随着洗脱时间的延长各种铝形态按分子的大小依次被洗脱下来,因此,截取中间组分即可得到最高含量为99%以上的纳米Al13形态;通过对水解过程的研究可以推断,各种铝形态最终水解产物的粒径多集中在20μm和100μm附近,不同的铝形态到达最终水解产物的速度各不相同,具有最高Alb含量的纳米Al13形态具有较高的水解稳定性.     

Al(Ⅲ) speciation distribution and transformation in high concentration PACl solutions

Effects of Al（Ⅲ） concentration and pH on the speciation of Al（Ⅲ） in polyaluminum chloride （PACl） solutions especially on the Al13 fraction were investigated. A series of PACl samples were prepared over the range of Al（Ⅲ） concentration from 0.01 to 2.0 mol/L with the B （OH/Al ratio） value from 1.0 to 2.5 by forced hydrolysis of AICl3. The samples were characterized by ferron assay, pH and 27^Al NMR. It was shown that the Al（Ⅲ） concentration had a dramatic effect on the hydrolysis processes and the species distribution of PACl was in relate to the decrease of pH. The fraction of Al species, Alb （or Al13） decreased and Al0 increased with increase of total Al（Ⅲ） concentration. Under the condition of Al（Ⅲ） 2.0 reel/L, B = 2.5, the pH value was 2.73 and no Al13 could be detected. During diluting and aging, the species distribution evoIved. The Al13 could then be detected again and the amounts increased with time. If the diluted samples were concentrated by freeze dry at -35℃ or heating at 80℃, the pH value and Al13 content would decrease with the increased concentration. It demonstrated that the key factor for formation of Al13 in concentrated PACl was pH value.     

Resource abundance and financial development: Evidence from China

In this paper, we extend the debate on the resource curse by focusing on a new mechanism. Theoretically, resource abundance may have a negative influence on financial development by impacting trade openness, the demand for financial reforms, social capital accumulation and productive investments. Using provincial panel data of China, the empirical analysis confirms such a negative link between mineral resource abundance and financial development. The resource-rich regions tend to have a slower pace of financial development than resource-poor ones. Since the positive relationship between financial development and long-run growth is also confirmed by the analysis, our findings suggest that financial development constitutes an important mechanism through which resource abundance can impact economic performance.     

Al13改性羟基磷灰石的除氟性能研究

为了提高羟基磷灰石（HAP）的除氟效果,采用化学沉淀法合成3种不同Al/Ca值的Al₁₃改性后的HAP吸附材料,并对其进行XRD、FTIR、SEM、BET等表征,考察吸附过程中pH的影响,同时通过吸附热力学、吸附动力学等探讨了其除氟性能.结果表明,Al₁₃-HAP材料比HAP更加疏松多孔,当Al/Ca=0.7时,比表面积增大到了137.2 m²·g^-1,孔容增大到0.8217 cm³·g^-1.FTIR结果表明,Al₁₃的掺入给吸附材料中带入了大量—OH.根据Al₁₃-HAP吸附F^-前后的表征,F^-主要通过配体交换取代Al₁₃-HAP中的—OH从环境中被去除.当Al/Ca=0.4时,Al₁₃-HAP最大除氟效果达到5.03 mg·L^-1;零电荷点pH_PZC为8.46,大于HAP的pH_PZC,具体表现为对天然水体pH值适用性较广.吸附过程与Langmuir吸附模型以及拟二级动力学模型契合度高,这也证实了化学吸附为主要作用,吸附热力学结果表明Al₁₃-HAP吸附氟是自发的吸热过程.     

墨水河流域分阶段综合治理规划研究

"十三五"期间,墨水河流域作为青岛市重点流域之一,要求全面消除城市黑臭水体,水环境质量得到阶段性改善。为实现这一目标,通过墨水河流域现状调查,找出流域内污染问题,从流域综合治理角度,结合水质改善目标与动态流量下的自净能力模拟计算,提出改善墨水河水环境的治理技术方案,实现全面消除劣V类水体、恢复水环境基本功能。