Al(Ⅲ) speciation distribution and transformation in high concentration PACl solutions

Effects of Al(Ⅲ) concentration and pH on the speciation of Al(Ⅲ) in polyaluminum chloride (PACl) solutions especially on the Al13 fraction were investigated. A series of PACl samples were prepared over the range of Al(Ⅲ) concentration from 0.01 to 2.0 mol/L with the B (OH/Al ratio) value from 1.0 to 2.5 by forced hydrolysis of AlCl3. The samples were characterized by ferron assay,pH and 27Al NMR. It was shown that the Al(Ⅲ) concentration had a dramatic effect on the hydrolysis processes and the species distribution of PACl was in relate to the decrease of pH. The fraction of Al species, Alb (or Al13) decreased and Alc increased with increase of total Al(Ⅲ) concentration. Under the condition of Al(Ⅲ) 2.0 mol/L, B = 2.5, the pH value was 2.73 and no Al13 could be detected. During diluting and aging, the species distribution evolved. The Al13 could then be detected again and the amounts increased with time. If the diluted samples were concentrated by freeze dry at -35℃ or heating at 80℃, the pH value and Al13 content would decrease with the increased concentration. It demonstrated that the key factor for formation of Al13 in concentrated PACl was pH value.     

S13Cr在超高温超临界CO2环境下的腐蚀行为及产物膜特征

目的 明确超级13Cr在超高温超临界CO2环境下的适用性、耐蚀性及腐蚀产物膜特征.方法 采用高温高压反应釜模拟气井井底超高温超临界CO2腐蚀工况,采用腐蚀失重法获取腐蚀速率,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)对腐蚀产物特性进行分析研究.结果 在215℃、31.2 MPa CO2分压、7...     

聚合氯化铝Al13模型化合物的量子化学计算

采用MNDO方法对聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13模型化合物进行了量子化学计算.结果表明:作为电子给体化学反应的活性点主要是羟基氧原子或羟基桥键氧原子,作为电子受体化学反应的活性点主要是六配位的Al.羟铝比(OH/Al)大的模型物, 铝氧四面体中Al所带正电荷明显减少,表明OH/Al比大时将有更多的电子流向Al(Ⅲ).与此同时,羟桥Al-O的键级会逐渐减小,有利于PAC的水解.水解过程实际上是通过OH-的HOMO和被水解形态组分的LUMO相互作用使Al-O(H2O)键断裂形成Al-O(OH)键的过程.     

C, δC and total C content in soils around a Brazilian PWR nuclear power plant

Nuclear power plants release ¹⁴C during routine operation mainly as airborne gaseous effluents. Because of the long half-life (5730 years) and biological importance of this radionuclide (it is incorporated in plant tissue by photosynthesis), several countries have monitoring programs in order to quantify and control these emissions. This paper compares the activity of ¹⁴C in soils taken within 1 km from a Brazilian nuclear power plant with soils taken within a reference area located 50 km away from the reactor site. Analyses of total carbon, δ¹³C and ¹³⁷Cs were also performed in order to understand the local soil dynamics. Except for one of the profiles, the isotopic composition of soil organic carbon reflected the actual forest vegetation present in both areas. The ¹³⁷Cs data show that the soils from the base of hills are probably allocthonous.     

天津地表水中有机碳来源的同位素示踪研究

地表水中的有机碳是陆地水生生态系统的核心组分之一,可以反映流域生态环境概况,也是全球生物地球化学循环研究的重要组成部分.本研究通过系统采集天津地区地表水体的水样和水体颗粒物样品,完成了稳定碳同位素及相关组分测定,对天津地表水中的颗粒有机碳和溶解有机碳的来源进行了探讨.研究结果显示,天津地表水体颗粒有机碳的δ13值主要分...     

Gas stable isotopic ratio mass spectrometry for measuring δ^13C and δ^18O in background atmospheric CO2

将商用MAT253稳定同位素比质谱仪、Airtrap高效预浓缩气体捕集阱与自加工16口自动进样器集成,建立了高精度气体稳定同位素比质谱分析系统,用于程序化自动分析本底大气CO2的δ^13C和δ^18O．气样分析时用工作标气定量并穿插目标气测定,还定期用实验室上一级标气对工作标气和参比气进行标校,以保证分析结果的可靠和可比．结果表明,利用不同稳定同位素比范围的标气重复进样测试,发现该系统对δ^13C和δ^18O的分析精度分别优于0．03‰和0．06‰,能基本满足本底大气CO2的碳氧稳定同位素比分析需求和WMO／GAW质量目标．     

甲苯、邻二甲苯和二氯甲烷混合气体降解菌群构建及其性能研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放导致一系列环境问题,而生物法是一项绿色处理技术.本实验选取3种VOCs(甲苯、邻二甲苯、二氯甲烷)作为模型污染物,利用甲苯、邻二甲苯降解菌Zoogloea resiniphila HJ1(菌株HJ1)及二氯甲烷降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13(菌株H13)构建复合菌株,采用“专属菌+综合菌”模式以复合菌株和驯化污泥构建复合强化菌群.研究表明,复合菌株可完全降解400 mg·L^-1甲苯、256 mg·L^-1邻二甲苯、200 mg·L-1二氯甲烷,矿化率分别为74.3%、61.1%、82.7%.复合菌株可完全降解480 mg·L^-1混合污染物(3种污染物浓度比为1∶1∶1),降解速率依次为甲苯>邻二甲苯>二氯甲烷.经过优化,菌株HJ1和菌株H13最佳配比被确定为1∶5.复合强化菌群不仅大幅提高了邻二甲苯、二氯甲烷降解速率,还提高了混合污染物矿化率.甲苯、邻二甲苯的存在对二氯甲烷降解产生明显抑制效应,而低浓度二氯甲烷(<240 mg·L     

科学精准理解《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》的关键词和新提法

《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》是第九个五年环境保护规划,规划的编制面临新形势新要求,承载了大量新内容和新任务,在规划的理念、战略、领域、任务、支撑等方面都有显著的拓展与深化。本文通过对规划进行系统梳理,提炼出10个方面的关键词和新提法并逐一解读,以便于读者对规划深入理解和精准把握。     

不同土地利用方式及栽培措施对土壤有机碳及δ~(13)C值的影响

以河北曲周县原状草地土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,结合稳定性碳同位素方法,分析不同秸秆还田方式、耕作方式和施肥水平对土壤有机碳特性的影响.研究表明,华北原状草地改变为农田后(34 a),土壤有机碳显著降低,且因农田栽培方式不同而异,1 m土层降低幅度在13.3%～35%之间,但降低显著发生在0～40 cm.经过8 a施加底肥,可以提高土壤有机碳0.83g.kg-1.免耕方式可以显著提高土壤有机碳,且主要发生在0～10 cm土层.翻耕操作会引起10～15 cm和15～20 cm土层的土壤有机碳高于免耕处理的现象.土壤有机碳的δ13C值的比变化主要发生在0～20 cm土层,玉米种植输入的有机碳主要集中在土壤0～20 cm层次.在土壤0～5 cm表层,源于农作物的土壤有机碳所占的最高比例为18%,到15～20 cm已经降到了5%左右.     

长期秸秆还田对水稻根系碳矿化与激发效应的影响

长期秸秆还田改变水稻土环境条件,从而会影响水稻残留根系碳在土壤中的矿化和激发效应,其影响的方向和强度尚不明确.因此,基于长期定位施肥试验,采用¹³C-CO₂同位素标记技术,结合室内模拟培养试验,研究不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和秸秆还田配施化肥（CFS）这3种长期处理下,水稻根系和土壤本身有机碳的矿化特征,分析根系的激发效应的强度与方向,以及各处理CO₂释放量的来源组成.结果表明,经过120 d的室内淹水培养,根系残留（R）将CO₂累积释放量增加了617.41~726.27 mg·kg^-1.CFS+R和CF+R处理根系来源CO₂累积释放量分别为470.82mg·kg^-1和444.04 mg·kg^-1,根系的矿化率分别为18.8%和17.8%,均显著高于CK+R处理（384.19 mg·kg^-1,15.4%）.3个处理的土壤本身有机碳产生的CO₂累积排放量无显著差异,但CFS+R处理的土壤本身有机碳矿化率（4.2%）显著低于CF+R和CK+R处理（5.4%和5.8%）.CFS+R处理中根系的CO₂累积激发效应为29.6%,显著低于CK+R处理的42.5%,高于CF+R处理的14.4%.淹水水稻土CO₂累积释放量中23.47%~27.59%来源于根系,其余来源于土壤,其中,激发效应引起的CO₂释放量占比在CFS+R处理中比CK+R处理小,比CF+R处理大.综上,淹水水稻土长期秸秆还田会提高根系碳的矿化潜力,但是更有利于土壤本身有机碳的稳定.