低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的反硝化特性

从底泥中分离出1株低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13,经常规生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出细菌SY13属于Acinetobactersp．。考察了温度、pH、C／N比及接种量对菌株SY13硝酸盐还原活性的影响,初始硝酸盐浓度为15mg／L左右,温度为15℃时低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的硝酸盐去除率为49．26％,在中性环境适应性较强,pH值为7．0时72h的硝氮去除率达到58．08％,随着C／N比不断增加,菌株SY13硝酸盐的去除效果逐渐增强,接种量为10％时,菌株SY13培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到59．62％。     

Comparative effects of different maize straw returning modes on soil humus composition and humic acid structural characteristics in Northeast China

In order to evaluate the effects of different maize straw returning modes on humus composition and humic acid (HA) structural, a field experiment was designed to have five treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (no straw returned), Treatment EIS (straw incorporated evenly into the soil using the crashing-ridging technique), Treatment SP (straw plowed into the soil), Treatment SM (straw returned as mulch) and Treatment SG (straw returned as pellets). Our results showed that Treatment EIS significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil humus substances (HEC), soil humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC) by 27.8%, 47.6%, 63.3% and 33.8%, respectively, as compared with CK. Among all the straw returning treatments, Treatment EIS was the most significant in effect of increasing the content of HEC, HAC and FAC. Moreover, Treatment EIS altered the composition of humus more significantly than all the other treatments, by increasing the proportion of alkyl C and the ratio of aliphatic C/aromatic C. These results suggest that straw returning accelerated the accumulation of soil organic C and various components of humus, significantly improved the structure of soil HA, with the practice of EIS in particular.     

Reactive transport modelling of biogeochemical processes and carbon isotope geochemistry inside a landfill leachate plume

The biogeochemical processes governing leachate attenuation inside a landfill leachate plume (Banisveld, the Netherlands) were revealed and quantified using the 1D reactive transport model PHREEQC-2. Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was simulated assuming first-order oxidation of two DOC fractions with different reactivity, and was coupled to reductive dissolution of iron oxide. The following secondary geochemical processes were required in the model to match observations: kinetic precipitation of calcite and siderite, cation exchange, proton buffering and degassing. Rate constants for DOC oxidation and carbonate mineral precipitation were determined, and other model parameters were optimized using the nonlinear optimization program PEST by means of matching hydrochemical observations closely (pH, DIC, DOC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, Fe(II), SO4, Cl, CH4, saturation index of calcite and siderite). The modelling demonstrated the relevance and impact of various secondary geochemical processes on leachate plume evolution. Concomitant precipitation of siderite masked the act of iron reduction. Cation exchange resulted in release of Fe(II) from the pristine anaerobic aquifer to the leachate. Degassing, triggered by elevated CO2 pressures caused by carbonate precipitation and proton buffering at the front of the plume, explained the observed downstream decrease in methane concentration. Simulation of the carbon isotope geochemistry independently supported the proposed reaction network.     

Management of prenatally detected trisomy 8 mosaicism

We report on ten pregnancies with trisomy 8 mosaicism. Nine cases were prenatally detected in chorionic villi (n=6), amniotic fluid (AF) cells (n=2) or fetal blood (FB) lymphocytes (n=1). Follow-up laboratory investigations showed confined placental mosaicism (CPM) or pseudomosaicism in eight cases. In one case with ultrasound abnormalities, trisomy 8 mosaicism was detected in FB cells although cultured AF cells showed normal cells only. Another case of mosaic trisomy 8 was prenatally missed; cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultured villi revealed a normal male karyotype, while postnatally, trisomy 8 mosaicism was detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts of the affected child. These findings indicate the difficulties in the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 8 mosaicism. When found in chorionic villi, it mostly represented CPM, while in a case of true fetal trisomy 8 mosaicism, the cytotrophoblast cells showed a normal karyotype. So, the cytotrophoblast compartment of chorionic villi is a poor indicator of the presence or absence of fetal trisomy 8 mosaicism. Follow-up investigations including amniocentesis and especially fetal blood sampling are required to come to a definite prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 8 mosaicism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A chromosome 21-specific cosmid cocktail for the detection of chromosome 21 aberrations in interphase nuclei

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 21q11-specific probe (CB21c1) consisting of three non-overlapping cosmids has been applied to interphase amniocytes of pregnancies at increased risk for fetal aneuploidy (N = 78) and to interphase lymphocytes, cultured and uncultured, of patients referred for Down syndrome (N = 19 and 28, respectively). In the uncultured amniocytes, six chromosome aberrations were detected: three cases of trisomy 21, a triploidy, a de novo 46,XX,t(21q21q), and a mosaic 46,XY/47,XY,+dic(21)(q11)/48,XY,+dic(21)(q11), +del(21)(q11). In 15 cultured and 20 uncultured blood samples, FISH correctly diagnosed trisomy 21 (full or mosaic) at the interphase level, which was confirmed in all cases by subsequent karyotyping. Because of specific and strong signals in interphase nuclei, CB21c1 appears to be a useful tool for the rapid detection of chromosome 21 abnormalities.     

多核聚合形态Al30混凝控制水中腐殖酸与残留铝的研究

制备了优势形态为Al30的聚合铝PAC-Al30,与优势形态为Al13的常用聚合铝PAC-Al13及AlCl3作对比实验,考察了不同铝系混凝剂强化混凝控制水中腐殖酸(Humic Acid,HA)和残留铝的差异.结果表明,PAC-Al30具有足够的稳定性,与PAC-Al13和AlCl3相比,PAC-Al30可以更好地控制出水腐殖酸和残留铝浓度,且以碱化度B为2.4的PAC-Al30效果最好.PAC-Al30和PAC-Al13比AlCl3有更宽的有效投量范围,可以提高实际应用中的稳定性.Ca2 和高岭土的存在均有利于PAC-Al30混凝去除HA.低温对PAC-Al30混凝去除HA有不利影响.研究表明,Al30是一种可用于控制水中腐殖酸和残留铝的新型混凝/絮凝活性成分.     

Oil spills on other commodities

This paper examines the effect of crude oil prices on the prices of 35 internationally traded primary commodities for the 1960–2005 period. It finds that the pass-through of crude oil price changes to the overall non-energy commodity index is 0.16. At a more disaggregated level, the fertilizer index had the highest pass-through (0.33), followed by agriculture (0.17), and metals (0.11). The prices of precious metals also exhibited a strong response to crude oil price. In terms of individual commodities, the estimates of the food group exhibited remarkable similarity while those of raw materials and metals gave a mixed picture. The implication is that if crude oil prices remain high for some time, as most analysts expect, then the recent commodity price boom is likely to last much longer than earlier booms, at least for food commodities. The other commodities, however, are likely to follow diverging paths. On the methodological side, the results show that price indices, while providing useful summary statistics, they need to be supplemented by individual commodity analysis.     

C?sium-137 in B?den saarl?ndischer Wald?kosysteme

Zusammenfassung Ziel und Schwerpunkte  Um das Verhalten des künstlichen Radionuklids¹³⁷Cs im Landschaftshaushalt der Saar-Lor-Lux Region zu klaren, wurdend die r?umliche Verteilung sowie das deszendente Migrationsverhalten und die Tiefenfunktionen des Radioisotops in den wichtigsten Bodensubstraten saarl?ndischer Wald?kosysteme untersucht. Ergebnisse  Demnach finden sich die h?chsten¹³⁷Cs-Aktivit?ten im Norden des Landes, w?hrend die Gebiete im Süden und Südosten deutlich geringere Konzentrationen aufweisen. Es konnten deszendente Migrationsraten zwischen 0,25 cm/a und 1,0 cm/a festgestellt werden. Durchschnittlich treten die h?chsten Migrationsraten in den tonig-schluffigen Substraten des Muschelkalks auf (0,66 cm/a), gefolgt von den lehmig ausgepr?gten Substraten des Unterrotliegenden (0,53 cm/a) und den sandigen Substraten des Buntsandsteins (0,41 cm/a). In den tonarmen Bodensubstraten des Unterrotliegenden und des Buntsandsteins lassen sich 90–95% der Aktivit?ten in den oberen 10 cm der humusreichen Oberb?den nachweisen, wohingegen in den tonreichen Substraten des Muschelkalks bis zur gleichen Tiefe nur etwa 70–76% zu finden sind. Schlussfolgerungen  Mit einem Abnehmen der als Leitbahnen fungierenden Prim?r-und Sekund?rporen in zunehmender Tiefe ist künftig mit einer deutlichen Reduzierung der Verlagerungsgeschwindigkeit von¹³⁷Cs in den Substraten des Muschelkalks zu rechnen. Insbesondere bei geringm?chtigen B?den auf kluftreichem Ausgangsgestein impliziert die maximale Eindringtiefe des Isorops von 40 cm in den Unterboden jedoch eine m?gliche Kontamination des oberfl?chennahen Grundwassers, ebenso wie an Standorten mit hohem Grundwasserstand. Ausblick  Aufgrund der hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurde ein¹³⁷Cs-Monitoring in das Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsprogramm des Landesamts für Umweltschutz des Saarlandes aufgenommen Online-First: 25. April 2000     

不同铝形态去除水中腐殖酸的混凝特性

制备了碱化度为2.4、以Al13,为主要成分的聚合铝PAC-All13和碱化度为2.4、以Al30为主要成分的高聚聚合铝PAC-Al30.采用烧杯混凝实验,通过絮体颗粒生长、电中和能力、pH和混凝剂投量对混凝效果的影响,比较了PAC-Al30、PAC-Al13,和AIC3,混凝去除水中腐殖酸的行为,并考察了水中残留铝的含量.实验结果表明,3种混凝剂的絮体形成能力由强到弱为PAC-Al30>PAC-Al13>AlCl3.与AlCl3相比, PAC-Al13和PAC-Al30的适用pH范围更宽,为5.0～8.0.PAC-Al30和PAC-Al13,的电中和能力差别不明显;由于更强的吸附和架桥作用,在低投量下PAC-Al30表现出更好的混凝效果,而且PAC-Al30比AlCl3和PAC-Al13有更宽的有效投量范围,为0.08～0.64mmol/L.对于腐殖酸含量为10m/L的水样,在pH为7.0,投量为0.16mmol/L下, PAC-Al30对腐殖酸去除率达到98.5%,此时出水残留铝浓度为0.066mg/L.结果证实Al30是可用于水中腐殖酸去除的一种新型的混凝/絮凝活性成.