13CO2示踪臭氧胁迫对水稻土壤微生物的影响

本研究采用具有日变化的熏蒸方式,利用13C同位素示踪方法,结合PLFA技术,模拟分析了臭氧浓度升高对水稻土壤微生物结构的影响.实验设置2个臭氧浓度处理,即空气对照(CF,臭氧浓度约4~10 nL·L-1),臭氧浓度升高处理(O3,8 h平均浓度为110 nL·L-1).分别在水稻熏气1个月和2个月时进行13C同位素标记实验.结果发现,臭氧熏蒸一个月的时候对土壤微生物生物量碳没有影响,但此时输入到土壤微生物的即时光合产物13C已经显著低于对照;随臭氧熏蒸时间的延长,无论是总的土壤微生物量碳还是即时光合产物13C对土壤微生物的输入都显著低于对照处理.PLFA主成分分析结果表明,熏蒸一个月时臭氧对13C-PLFA的结构组成并没有显著影响,但熏蒸两个月后则臭氧明显改变了13C-PLFA的组成,但两次标记后PLFA单体的Δδ13C‰值已受到臭氧的影响.臭氧胁迫前期,只有细菌脂肪酸的13C分配(13C%)受到臭氧的明显影响,而胁迫后期则臭氧主要影响的是分配给放线菌和真菌的13C.     

不同铝形态去除水中腐殖酸的混凝特性

制备了碱化度为2.4、以Al13,为主要成分的聚合铝PAC-All13和碱化度为2.4、以Al30为主要成分的高聚聚合铝PAC-Al30.采用烧杯混凝实验,通过絮体颗粒生长、电中和能力、pH和混凝剂投量对混凝效果的影响,比较了PAC-Al30、PAC-Al13,和AIC3,混凝去除水中腐殖酸的行为,并考察了水中残留铝的含量.实验结果表明,3种混凝剂的絮体形成能力由强到弱为PAC-Al30>PAC-Al13>AlCl3.与AlCl3相比, PAC-Al13和PAC-Al30的适用pH范围更宽,为5.0～8.0.PAC-Al30和PAC-Al13,的电中和能力差别不明显;由于更强的吸附和架桥作用,在低投量下PAC-Al30表现出更好的混凝效果,而且PAC-Al30比AlCl3和PAC-Al13有更宽的有效投量范围,为0.08～0.64mmol/L.对于腐殖酸含量为10m/L的水样,在pH为7.0,投量为0.16mmol/L下, PAC-Al30对腐殖酸去除率达到98.5%,此时出水残留铝浓度为0.066mg/L.结果证实Al30是可用于水中腐殖酸去除的一种新型的混凝/絮凝活性成.     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrolysis: theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. Firstly, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃ were calculated from that at 25℃. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)247 (Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4℃ caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25℃, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4℃, Al13 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4℃ in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25℃.     

云南白水台现代钙华δ~(13)C的季节和空间变化特征研究

对云南白水台引水渠道中钙华沉积的δ13C值分析发现,白水台引水渠道中钙华δ13C值与降雨量有着较好的线性负相关关系,这一发现为下一步利用当地古钙华的δ13C数据重建古降水量提供了实验与理论基础。而造成雨季钙华δ13C值偏负的原因是雨后形成的低δ13C值的坡面流对高δ13C值的渠道水的稀释效应,降低了渠道水的δ13C值。水中贫13C的CO2逸出至大气是下游方向钙华δ13C偏正的主要原因。     

生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究

对土壤有机质的动力学过程的研究是评价区域土壤质量、合理开发利用土壤以及全球碳循环一气候交化研究的基础性工作。系统分析了生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究的理论基础和应用现状,包括影响土壤有机质δ^13C值的各种内外因素;土壤有机质不同化学组成、不同粒径组分、不同比重组分的δ^13C特征值域;土壤微生...     

Comparative effects of different maize straw returning modes on soil humus composition and humic acid structural characteristics in Northeast China

In order to evaluate the effects of different maize straw returning modes on humus composition and humic acid (HA) structural, a field experiment was designed to have five treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (no straw returned), Treatment EIS (straw incorporated evenly into the soil using the crashing-ridging technique), Treatment SP (straw plowed into the soil), Treatment SM (straw returned as mulch) and Treatment SG (straw returned as pellets). Our results showed that Treatment EIS significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil humus substances (HEC), soil humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC) by 27.8%, 47.6%, 63.3% and 33.8%, respectively, as compared with CK. Among all the straw returning treatments, Treatment EIS was the most significant in effect of increasing the content of HEC, HAC and FAC. Moreover, Treatment EIS altered the composition of humus more significantly than all the other treatments, by increasing the proportion of alkyl C and the ratio of aliphatic C/aromatic C. These results suggest that straw returning accelerated the accumulation of soil organic C and various components of humus, significantly improved the structure of soil HA, with the practice of EIS in particular.     

中国农村生态环境质量动态评价及未来发展趋势预测

客观评价和预测我国农村生态环境质量状况及发展趋势,对于保障粮食安全、实现农村经济可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。论文基于压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型框架,构建了我国农村生态环境质量评价指标体系,分析了2000—2015年我国农村生态环境质量的动态变化。基于GM(1,1)模型,预测了“十三五”期间我国农村生态环境质量的发展态势。研究结果表明：2000—2015年我国农村生态环境质量的综合评价得分从0.669下降到0.387,农村生态环境质量总体呈现恶化趋势,农村生态环境承受的污染排放压力越来越大,环境治理投入较少,尚未形成对农村生态环境恶化情形的逆转。如果继续延续过去农业经济发展模式,2020年我国农村生态环境质量状况将会持续恶化,与“十三五”绿色发展的良好愿景目标相差甚远。     

柴河小流域草地土壤环境的同位素示踪研究

以滇池柴河小流域为研究区域,于2011年7月采集草地样品全样、分层样共17个,对土壤粒度、w(SOM)(SOM为有机质)、w(TN)进行测定;采用放射性核素137Cs示踪技术估算研究流域土壤侵蚀速率;同时,测定δ13C(稳定性碳同位素丰度),以研究该流域生态环境状况. 结果表明:①土壤粒度组成为粉粒(66.74%~77.55%)>黏粒(21.22%~31.29%)>砂粒(1.23%~3.33%),同一土地利用方式的土壤粒度组成差异较小,土壤适宜耕作. ②CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的w(SOM)分别为3.51%、1.72%、2.54%,w(TN)分别为0.22%、0.17%、0.18%,二者相对偏低,并且土壤剖面的w(SOM)、w(TN)均随深度增加呈降低趋势. ③CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的137Cs含量分别为586.91、279.83和217.82bq/m2,侵蚀模数分别为324.96、879.33和1066.83t/(km2·a),表明研究区整体属于轻度侵蚀且表层土壤侵蚀较为严重. ④CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的δ13C平均值分别为-18.49‰、-24.5‰和-21.74‰,表明有机质主要来源于陆源.      

太原市采暖期PM10中PAHs的碳同位素组成及源贡献率

在太原市7个点位采集采暖期PM10样品,用气相色谱-同位素质谱仪测定环境空气PM10和污染源(煤烟尘和机动车尾气)中9种多环芳烃(PAHs)的碳同位素组成(δ13C),并根据碳同位素质量平衡原理定量环境空气PAHs的源贡献率.结果表明:煤烟尘中PAHs随环数增加贫13C,机动车尾气中PAHs随环数增加富13C;各点位PAHs的δ13C值差别不大,变化趋势与煤烟尘基本一致,煤烟尘是城市PAHs的主要污染源;煤烟尘对各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的贡献率都大于机动车尾气,对 的贡献率与机动车尾气相当,煤烟尘是各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的主要来源, 是二者共同作用的结果;煤烟尘和机动车尾气对全市环境空气中荧蒽、苯并[ghi]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[b+k]荧蒽贡献率比都约为7:3,太原市环境空气PAHs污染属于煤烟尘和机动车尾气的复合污染.     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.