ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’Albufera de Mallorca, Spain

Parc Natural sAlbufera de Mallorca is an internationally recognised resting area for a wide array of migratory birds, and like most wetlands it has many other ecological functions and socio-economic values. In the catchment, in which the wetland is situated, expanding tourism and intensification of agriculture place much pressure on a limited amount of freshwater. The freshwater supply to the wetland decreased due to water-extraction mainly driven by intensification of agriculture in the catchment. As a result saltwater intrusion increased since 1983–1985. This had considerable impacts on the ecological integrity of the wetland as reflected by changes in the state of the aquatic ecosystem. The distribution of submerged plants, less tolerant of salinity, declined or disappeared, while the distribution of species, known to prefer high salinity increased. As a contribution to the development of monitoring programs and management strategies that address both socio-economic and natural water demand, this article will formulate ecological criteria to assess the natural water demand by selection of (bio)indicators within the aquatic ecosystem.     

碱性处理铬离子废水的铁屑内电解法的研究与应用

采用电极电位理论描述了铁屑分别在酸性和碱性电解质溶液中形成原电池的原理,指出了在碱性条件下,Fe2＋和Cr6＋之间同样也可以发生氧化-还原反应。在铁屑内电解法处理碱性含铬废水时,处理前后可以不加任何酸、碱药剂,以彩色显像管厂含铬废水为例进行了试验,取得了满意的结果。     

4-CP在零价铁/H_2O_2体系中的降解研究

文章对4-氯酚在非均相零价铁/H2O2体系中的降解进行了实验研究。结果表明,4-氯酚能在低pH零价铁/H2O2体系中迅速降解。pH对降解具有重要影响,当pH大于5,4-CP降解效果<10%。同时在低pH(pH3)环境下考察了铁粉和H2O2投加量的影响,在最佳条件下对溶液中亚铁离子的形成和过氧化氢的分解进行了进一步的实验研究。最后在对中间产物分析的基础上提出了4-CP降解路径假设。     

［omim］［PF6］萃淋树脂的制备及对萘吸附机制的研究

将离子液体[omim][PF6]以液膜的形式固定在大孔吸附树脂上,制备萃淋树脂,研究其对水相中萘的吸附及影响因素.结果表明,离子液体[omim][PF6]萃取萘的过程,萘主要分配在[omim]+的疏水饱和碳链上;树脂和离子液体质量比为10∶1和20∶1的萃淋树脂,[omim][PF6]在水相中的溶解明显小于2∶1和5∶1的萃淋树脂;不同质量比萃淋树脂对萘的饱和吸附量大小为10∶1萃淋树脂>20∶1萃淋树脂>树脂,对吸附等温线的拟合结果表明,树脂对萘的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温式,而萃淋树脂对萘的吸附则更符合Langmuir吸附等温式.不同温度萃淋树脂对萘的饱和吸附量大小为:20℃>15℃>25℃,随着pH的升高饱和吸附量下降,随着无机盐浓度的提高饱和吸附量均有提高;正交实验确定的最佳条件为:温度=30℃、pH=3、NaCl浓度=2 000 mg.L-1,其中pH值是最主要的影响因素.     

苏丹六区减粘装置风险评价

介绍了采用假想故障的方法对苏丹六区减粘装置进行风险评价的过程及实例,说明了风险评价的作用。     

金属离子鱼类急性毒性研究及对环境标准修订的启示意义

以斑马鱼和孔雀鱼为实验动物,进行了Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cr^6＋的鱼类急性毒性试验。结果表明,这四种金属离子对受试鱼的毒性影响比较明显,对斑马鱼、孔雀鱼96 h半致死浓度分别为0.57 mg/L,12.59 mg/L,32.24 mg/L,62.27 mg/L和2.36 mg/L,17.71 mg/L,39.71 mg/L,43.40 mg/L。四种金属离子的毒性大小依次为：Cu^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cr^6＋;Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋对斑马鱼的影响较大,Cr^6＋则对孔雀鱼的影响较大。结果同时对环境标准的修订具有启示意义,现行的国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）和国家《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）对废水和水环境中Cu浓度的要求偏低,在符合国家标准的情况下Cu^2＋在低浓度水平就具有较大的毒性,未来污水排放标准和水环境质量标准在修订中应重视这个问题。     

IRS-P6卫星数据在高速公路环境影响评价中的应用

采用IRS—P6卫星数据与CBERS-02A多光谱数据融合,对鹤岗-大连高速公路抚松至岗山岭段将通过的3个自然保护区进行卫星遥感影像编图与解译。为了提高卫星遥感规划的精度,采用了数据融合技术。考虑到该地区地貌特征、数据时相等原因,利用IRS—P6卫星遥感数据与CBERS-02A数据融合,使得遥感区划清晰。     

负载型纳米Bi2WO6/AC的制备及在可见光下降解邻硝基苯酚

采用水热法在160℃条件下以活性炭(AC)为载体合成了光催化剂Bi2WO6/AC,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂进行了表征.同时,以邻硝基苯酚为目标污染物,在可见光照射下,讨论了催化剂用量、溶液的pH、污染物初始浓度等因素对催化剂光催化活性的影响.结果表明,当[Bi2WO6/AC]=5 g·L-1、pH=5[邻硝基苯酚]0=100 mg·L-1时,催化剂可见光降解活性最好,60 min后邻硝基苯酚的降解率可达到99.81%.     

Effect of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction on arsenic mobility in paddy soil

The potential of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction, and associated arsenic (As) mobility were examined by iron reducing bacteria enriched from As contaminated paddy soil. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report the impact of microbial iron plaque reduction on As mobility. Iron reduction occurred during the inoculation of iron reducing enrichment culture in the treatments with iron plaque and ferrihydrite as the electron acceptors, respectively. The Fe(II) concentration with the treatment of anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and iron reducing bacteria increased much faster than the control. Arsenic released from iron plaque with the iron reduction, and a significant correlation between Fe(II) and total As in culture was observed. However, compared with control, the increasing rate of As was inhibited by iron reducing bacteria especially in the presence of AQDS. In addition, the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in abiotic treatments were higher than those in the biotic treatments at day 30. These results indicated that both microbial and chemical reductions of iron plaque caused As release from iron plaque to aqueous phase, however, microbial iron reduction induced the formation of more crystalline iron minerals, leading to As sequestration. In addition, the presence of AQDS in solution can accelerate the iron reduction, the As release from iron plaque and subsequently the As retention in the crystalline iron mineral. Thus, our results suggested that it is possible to remediate As contaminated soils by utilizing iron reducing bacteria and AQDS.