水体中胺鲜酯残留量的测定及其光解特性

建立了利用固相萃取-气相色谱(SPE-GC)测定水体中胺鲜酯残留量的方法.考查了3种不同固相萃取柱(C18、florisil、OasisR HLB)对水溶性农药胺鲜酯的吸附效果,发现它们对水中胺鲜酯的萃取效率依次为8%、13% 和96%;进一步研究了利用OasisR HLB萃取水中胺鲜酯的最佳条件(洗脱剂二氯甲烷用量4～8 mL),OasisR HLB(60 mg)小柱对胺鲜酯的保留容量高达200 μg·柱-1.运用该方法测定胺鲜酯光解试验样品,结果表明胺鲜酯质量浓度的对数与光照时间呈良好的线性关系.胺鲜酯在氙灯下的光化学降解符合一级动力学反应,光解半衰期为82 min,较易光解.     

离子液体[C8mim]PF6对水生生物的毒性作用

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准试验方法,探讨离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基-咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C8mim]PF6)对普通小球藻、大型蚤和斑马鱼的毒性影响.结果表明,[C8mim]PF6在实验浓度下,对普通小球藻的生长和叶绿素a的产生均有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越明显,且对叶绿素a含量的影响更为显著.高浓度组(200mg/L)可致死部分小球藻细胞;[C8mim]PF6对大型蚤的48h LC50为4.47mg/L,属于高毒性;[C8mim]PF6对斑马鱼的96h LC50为126.08mg/L,属于低毒性.[C8mim]PF6对这3种水生生物的抑制率/致死率(EC50/LC50)随时间呈规律性变化.[C8mim]PF6与藻类的亲和性及其亲脂特性可能是其对水生生物存在潜在毒性的2个主要原因.     

6-HO-BDE-137对大鼠睾丸支持细胞的毒性

以原代培养的大鼠睾丸支持细胞为研究对象,选取环境及生物体中均有检出的一种典型的羟基化PBDE——6-HO-BDE-137作为目标化合物,设置0、0.1、1、10μmol·L-14个浓度梯度,应用噻唑蓝(MTT)试验、荧光显微镜观察和AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术,通过检测大鼠睾丸支持细胞增殖活性、细胞形态和细胞凋亡坏死率的变化,探讨其对支持细胞的损伤情况.研究发现,6-HO-BDE-137显著影响支持细胞的增殖活力,暴露24h,10μmol·L-1浓度组细胞与对照组相比显著增殖(p<0.05),随暴露时间的延长(至48h),10μmol·L-1组转为增殖抑制;支持细胞形态也表现出不同程度的改变,10μmol·L-1浓度组变化最为明显,有大量的细胞变圆飘起;随6-HO-BDE-137暴露浓度的升高,支持细胞死亡率增加,凋亡是支持细胞死亡的主要方式.研究结果提示:6-HO-BDE-137具有生殖毒性.     

Cr~(6+)对活性污泥活性及有机物去除速率的影响

通过检测活性污泥系统的电子传递活性以及COD的去除速率,研究了Cr~(6+)对污泥活性以及有机物降解速率的影响,并探讨了两者之间的关系.研究结果表明:5 mg·L~(-1)的Cr~(6+)即会对系统产生明显影响,Cr~(6+)对污泥活性和COD去除率的抑制作用随其质量浓度的增大而增强;当Cr~(6+)质量浓度达到25 mg·L~(-1)时,污泥的INT和TTC-电子传递(TTC-ETS)活性以及有机物降解速率都表现为大幅的下降,下降比例分别为46.98%、54.18%以及64.47%.Cr~(6+)抑制污泥TTC-ETS活性的IC_(50)小于抑制INT-ETS活性的IC_(50),表明TTC-ETS活性反映Cr~(6+)毒性作用的灵敏性大于INT-ETS活性.此外,INT和TTC-ETS活性与有机物降解速率之间也均存在显著的正相关性,说明两者都是表征Cr~(6+)对有机物去除速率影响的灵敏参数.     

高锰酸钾光氧化六氟苯脱氟的研究

尝试利用KMnO₄ 光氧化C₆F₆ 脱氟,获得较好的脱氟效果.研究表明,溶液的pH 值、激光脉冲次数、KMnO₄ 的初始浓度、C₆F₆ 的初始浓度等因素均会影响F-的生成率.酸性条件更有利于KMnO₄ 光氧化C₆F₆ 脱氟.F-生成率随激光脉冲数的增加而单调上升.受到消光系数的影响, KMnO4 的浓度达到3.0×10^-4mol/L 时,脱氟效率达到最佳. pH 值为0.5 的2.0×10^-4 mol/L C₆F₆ 与6.0×10^-4mol/L KMnO4 的混合溶液在接受脉冲激光照射9000 次后,F-生成率可达1.61mol/mol C6F6.C6F6 的降解与MnO4-受激后产生的Mn(V)过氧复合物有关.     

DA-6和EDDS施用对龙葵生长、Cd吸收和土壤细菌群落结构的影响

通过盆栽试验,探讨植物生长调节剂DA-6和螯合剂EDDS施用对Cd污染土壤上龙葵生长、Cd吸收及土壤细菌群落结构的影响,以此评估不同修复处理的实际应用效果.结果表明,单独添加DA-6、将DA-6和EDDS联合施用均能促进龙葵的生长,使其地上部鲜重较对照分别显著增加了 24.58％和19.57％,同时龙葵叶片的叶绿素含量...     

过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响

考察过渡金属离子对TiO₂光催化活性的影响,并对过渡金属离子对催化剂TiO₂的光催化调变作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,加入Cu(Ⅱ)可以大大提高TiO₂的光催化活性,反应75 min,可使活性艳蓝X-BR的COD_Cr的去除率达75%以上,对于活性艳红X-3B和活性艳黄X-6G的COD_Cr的去除率达到90%以上。过渡金属离子的调变作用是由于低价的金属离子与H₂O₂作用生成*OH自由基所致。      

荧光光纤传感器测定废水中邻硝基苯酚

将２－（４－二苯基）－６－苯基苯并恶唑包埋在增塑的ＰＶＣ膜中,基于邻硝基苯酚对ＰＢＢＯ荧光的猝灭,研制了一种邻硝基苯酚荧光光纤传感器。该传感器对邻硝基苯酚的响应具有良好的可逆性和重现性,响应时间小于５０ｓ,在１．２＊１０＾－４－２．０＊１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ邻硝基苯酚浓度范围内具有好的线性关系。环境水中可能存在的常见阳离子、阴离子、酚、硝基化合物对邻硝基苯酚的测定不产生干扰,将传感器用于废水中的邻硝基     

Molecular changes of aquatic humic substances formed from four aquatic macrophytes decomposed under different oxygen conditions

Aquatic macrophytes’ decomposition is a source of recalcitrant carbon in the long term contributing to humic substances (HS) formation. Understanding the influence of plant detritus quality and oxygen availability over molecular changes of these compounds provides ecological information related to their cycling. This study described the molecular variation of dissolved HS from Eichhornia azurea, Egeria najas, Oxycaryum cubense and Salvinia molesta decomposition under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The aquatic HS formed from the four aquatic macrophytes showed similar features (e.g. molecular weight and aromaticity). This fact indicates little influence of the detritus quality or availability of oxygen on the fulvic acids (FA) and humic acid characteristics. Under aerobic condition a decrease in the polysaccharides content in FA occurred. HS from E. najas were related to less-recalcitrant features, while HS from S. molesta were related to recalcitrant.     

Biodegradation of imidacloprid in liquid media by an isolated wastewater fungus Aspergillus terreus YESM3

In the present study, a new fungal strain capable of imidacloprid degradation was isolated from agricultural wastewater drain. The fungal strain of YESM3 was identified as Aspergillus terreus based on ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 gene sequence by PCR amplification of a 500 bp sequence. Screening of A. terreus YESM3 to the insecticide imidacloprid tolerance was achieved by growing fungus in Czapek Dox agar for 6 days at 28°C. High values (1.13 and 0.94 cm cm^?1) of tolerance index (TI) were recorded at 25 and 50 mg L^?1 of imidacloprid, respectively in the presence and absence of sucrose. However, at 400 mg L^?1 the fungus did not grow. Effects of the imidacloprid concentration, pH, and inoculum size on the biodegradation percentage were tested using Box–Behnken statistical design and the biodegradation was monitored by HPLC analysis at different time intervals. Box–Behnken results indicated that optimal conditions for biodegradation were at pH 4 and two fungal discs (10 mm diameter) in the presence of 61.2 mg L^?1 of imidacloprid. A. terreus YESM3 strain was capable of degrading 85% of imidacloprid 25 mg L^?1 in Czapek Dox broth medium at pH 4 and 28°C for 6 days under static conditions. In addition, after 20 days of inoculation, biodegradation recorded 96.23% of 25 mg L^?1 imidacloprid. Degradation kinetics showed that the imidacloprid followed the first order kinetics with half-life (t₅₀) of 1.532 day. Intermediate product identified as 6-chloronicotinic acid (6CNA) as one of the major metabolites during degradation of imidacloprid by using HPLC. Thus, A. terreus YESM3 showed a potential to reduce pollution by pesticides and toxicity in the effected environment. However, further studies should be conducted to understand the biodegradation mechanism of this pesticide in liquid media.