高速公路交通安全现状分析及管理对策

为了分析高速公路交通安全现状,提出高速公路交通安全综合管理对策,采用对比分析法,研判当前高速公路交通安全形势,统计分析高速公路交通事故特征规律,提出基于“6E”的高速公路交通安全系统管理对策。以1994～2013年期间的高速公路交通事故统计数据为分析对象,采用事故起数、事故死亡人数、事故率、致死率、重大事故起数等作为评价指标,对比交通事故总量和不同等级公路事故情况,分析了当前我国高速公路交通安全形势。从交通安全执法管理的角度,对高速公路交通事故发生时间、事故形态、肇事车辆类型、事故原因、肇事驾驶人驾龄等进行了特征分析,在立法、教育、工程、执法、急救、评价6个方面,提出了高速公路交通安全管理系统化对策,为进一步认识当前高速公路交通安全形势,完善高速公路交通安全管理提供技术支持。     

生物强化技术处理2,6-二叔丁基酚的研究

利用从腈纶废水处理厂中分离出来的一株2,6二叔丁基酚高效降解菌F34菌株,进行生物强化处理技术研究。通过对照环境中的2,6二叔丁基酚降解效果的比较分析,发现包埋后的F34菌株降解底物的能力相比游离的略有提高;F34菌株在活性污泥存在时受到其抑制作用,通过包埋,菌株所受的抑制作用减弱;在含活性污泥的B.H.和实际废水的环境中,投加F34菌株包埋颗粒显著改善了原系统对底物的处理能力,其对底物的去除率分别提高了164%和71.4%。     

Sm-Gly-VB6对Pb-Cd胁迫下五种树木若干生理生化指标的影响

采用叶圆片法研究了模拟 Pb- Cd胁迫污染对 5种树木若干生理生化指标的影响。结果表明 ,Pb- Cd胁迫 ( Pb70 0 m g·L-1 ,Cd2 0 m g/ L)使 5种树木的叶绿素含量、质膜透性、过氧化氢酶活性、叶片内 Pb和 Cd的富集量均产生明显变化。经 Sm- G ly-VB6处理的 5种树木 ,上述各项指标的变幅明显减小 ,说明 Sm- G ly- VB6对重金属伤害植物有一定的缓解作用     

金属铁去除水中Cr6+的影响因素研究

研究Fe/Cr6+比值和不同浓度的NO3-、Cl-和SO42-对金属铁去除Cr6+效果的影响.结果表明,金属铁对水中Cr6+有很好的还原去除效果;当金属铁的使用量为Cr6+量的1/2000时,铁对Cr6+的去除效果较差且易失去活性,而当金属铁的使用量为Cr6+量的8 000倍时,铁对Cr6+的去除效果较好且其活性的持续...     

典型酚类污染物内分泌干扰效应研究——对斑马鱼发育及核受体介导基因调控的分子影响

以斑马鱼为研究对象,观察2,4,6-三氯酚（2,4,6-trichlorophenol）、4-氯-3-甲酚（4-chloro-3-methylphenol）和4-硝基苯酚（4-nitrophenol）3种酚类污染物对斑马鱼胚胎发育早期阶段形态学指标的影响,借助q-RT-PCR方法对斑马鱼胚胎分别暴露于0.1,0.5和2.5mg/L至120hpf幼鱼8个重要受体（雄激素受体（AR）、甲状腺激素受体（TR）、芳香烃受体（AhR）、雌激素受体（ER）、糖皮质激素受体（GR）、孕烷X受体（PXR）、盐皮质激素受体（MR）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR））相关基因的转录水平进行了研究;进一步采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟的方法研究污染物与筛选出的影响受体（ER、AhR、PXR、GR以及MR）之间的相互作用过程.结果表明,在5和10mg/L的浓度下3种酚类污染物都显著影响斑马鱼的发育,造成脊柱弯曲、心包水肿等不良影响;基因结果显示2,4,6-三氯酚暴露导致ER的基因下调,雌激素受体α（er1）基因在2.5mg/L浓度下下调2.1倍.4-氯-3-甲酚显著影响ER、AhR以及PXR的相关基因,表现为在0.5和2.5mg/L暴露er1基因显著下调1.8和2.2倍,ahr2和pxr基因在0.1和2.5mg/L的浓度下分别下调1.7和1.8倍和上调3.5和3.2倍.4-硝基苯酚暴露使GR、MR核心受体基因发生调控变化,糖皮质激素受体基因（gr）在低中浓度下分别显著上调2.0和2.1倍,最高浓度下下调1.9倍.盐皮质激素受体基因（mr）在中高浓度下分别下调1.9和2.1倍,在最低浓度下显著上调1.7倍;分子计算结果显示它们与相关受体通过疏水和氢键等相互作用而稳定结合,且均方根偏差（RMSD）在5ns后稳定.这3个典型酚类污染物主要通过斑马鱼ER、AhR、PXR、GR、MR受体介导产生内分泌干扰效应并影响其早期生长发育.     

细胞分裂素类物质对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、植株镉含量和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.结果表明,与单纯镉胁迫相比,喷施6-BA和KT提高了玉米幼苗的生物量、根和地上部镉含量、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高,但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响不明显.说明细胞分裂素类物质6-BA和KT可缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与细胞分裂素物质能维持叶绿素稳定、刺激细胞内H2O2清除酶类活性及促进脯氨酸积累有关.当6-BA浓度在0～20mg·L-1之间时,其对玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解效应随喷施浓度的提高而增强,而KT的最适喷施浓度为70mg·L-1.     

铬对生活污水中氮磷的植物净化效果及体内氮磷含量的影响

采用水培法,设置4个Cr6＋质量浓度（0,1,10,20mg·L-1）处理风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和薏米（Coix aquatica Roxb）,以此研究铬对生活污水中氮磷净化效果及植物体内氮磷质量分数的影响。结果表明：（1）试验期内,铬质量浓度为1mg·L-1时促进风车草和薏米对总氮的去除,铬质量浓度为20mg·L-1时则抑制;总氮去除率因处理时间不同而不同,表现在处理17d时0mg·L-1、1mg·L-1铬处理显著高于处理7d,但20mg·L-1处理则相反;除Cr20处理外,薏米对总氮的去除率显著高于风车草。（2）风车草和薏米对生活污水中总磷的去除率随铬处理时间延长而降低,表现在处理17d时10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理显著低于处理7d;在20mg·L-1铬处理下皆显著低于对照;风车草对总磷的去除率在10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理下显著高于薏米。（3）不同质量浓度Cr6＋处理下风车草和薏米体内氮、磷质量分数的变化不同,其中20mg·L-1铬处理下风车草茎和薏米根、茎及叶片皆显著低于对照。     

Hepatic and immune biological effect assays in C57BL/6 mice to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability under laboratory exposures with increasing environmental relevance

Background Monitoring biological responses that are mediated via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in animals exposed to environmental contaminants can indicate both the presence to chemicals that act through this biochemical pathway and whether these chemicals are bioavailable. Objectives The use of an ex-situ method that incorporated biological responsiveness monitoring in mice for determining the presence of ‘biologically active’ hydrocarbons in contaminated soils was investigated. Methods The use of C57BL/6 as a test organism was validated by determining hepatic and immune responsiveness to two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 3,4 benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 1,2 benz (a)anthracene (BA) administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The responsiveness of mice exposed to soils spiked with hydrocarbons or ex situ exposures to soil removed from two contaminated sites was also investigated. Results and Discussion Mice that were exposed to B[a]P via i.p. injections showed a 14-fold increase in liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity compared to the control group. In contrast EROD activity following BA exposure at the same level was not significantly enhanced. Mouse immune response was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by i.p. injections of B[a]P. No significant inhibition occurred with the same doses of BA. Following i.p. exposure, the retention of B[a]P in mouse carcasses was greater than BA. Mice exposed to clean soils spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of B[a]P and BA failed to show any significantly different hepatic or immune responses. Carcass residue data indicated a limited uptake of PAH from the soil. In contrast, EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to hydrocarbon-contaminated soils removed from a fuel-loading depot and decommissioned gas works was significantly enhanced (4- and 2-fold respectively). However, this increase in EROD activity did not appear to correlate with either soil or carcass PAH concentrations. Conclusions and Outlook These results support the assumption that B[a]P has a higher affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) compared to BA. Soil parameters such as organic carbon content, structure and particle size distribution can modulate the bioavailability of contaminants to biological receptors. These factors are implicated in the lack of responsiveness demonstrated in the spiked soil experiments. However the responsiveness of EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to soil contaminated with complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds confirms the potential usefulness of this model to determine the presence of ‘biologically active’ compounds in aged soils removed from contaminated sites.     

Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of 6-chloronicotinic acid

This work describes for the first time the photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of 6-chloronicotinic acid (6CNA) in double deionised water, which is a degradation product of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and it is known to appear in different environmental matrices. Photolytic experiments were performed with three UVA (ultraviolet A) polychromatic fluorescent lamps with broad maximum at 355 nm, while photocatalytic experiments were performed using immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on six glass slides in the spinning basket inside a photocatalytic quartz cell under similar irradiation conditions. Photolytic degradation revealed no change in concentration of 6CNA within 120 min of irradiation, while the photocatalytic degradation within 120 min, obeyed first-order kinetics. The observed disappearance rate constant was k = 0.011 ± 0.001 min⁻¹ and t_1/2 was 63.1 ± 5.5 min. Mineralisation rate was estimated through total organic carbon (TOC) and measurements revealed no carbon removal in case of photolysis after 120 min of exposure. However in photocatalytic experiments 46 ± 7% mineralisation was achieved within 120 min of irradiation. Nevertheless, the removal of total nitrogen (TN) was not observed across all experiments. Ion chromatographic analyses indicated transformation of chlorine atoms to chloride and increase of nitrate(V) ions only via photocatalytic experiments. Efficiency of selected advanced oxidation process (AOP) was investigated through toxicity assessment with Vibrio fischeri luminescent bacteria and revealed higher adverse effects of treated samples on bacteria following photocatalytic degradation in spite of the fact that higher mineralisation was achieved. New hydroxylated product generated in photocatalytic experiments with TiO₂, was confirmed with liquid chromatography-electro spray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analyses, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR).     

木质纤维素分解菌复合系WSC-6分解稻秆过程中的产物及pH动态

为了探明WSC-6分解稻秆过程中的代谢特性,本试验以稻杆为唯一碳源,50℃静止培养WSC-6,以一次性添加不同量稻秆和多次连续添加的方式,研究了WSC-6分解稻杆的相对分解率、绝对分解量、分解产物及pH变化特性.结果表明,一次性添加1%稻秆时,pH由初始的7.8迅速下降,第3 d降到6.0后逐渐回升,6 d后稳定在8.0左右,在此过程中DO值保持在0.01～0.12 mg·L-1微好氧条件.以GC-MS法在稻杆分解过程中检测到乙醇、乙酸、乳酸、甘油等10种以上有机物,其中乳酸的含量最高,为7.381 g·L-1.在90 d的实验中,一次性添加不同量稻秆时,随着稻秆量的增加,pH下降得快而低,且回升时间拖后,当稻秆量为5%时pH下降到5.0后不再回升.在多次连续添加稻秆的实验中,隔12d和15d添加的处理pH重复下降和回升的规律性变化,分解活性保持旺盛.90 d后隔15 d添加的处理相对分解率最高,为86.7%;绝对分解量以隔6 d添加的处理最高,为32.4 g.pH变化规律能够反映WSC-6对木质纤维素的分解进程及分解活性.