Usability of food industry waste oils as fuel for diesel engines

Two cogeneration units were each fitted with a prechamber (IDI) diesel engine in order to test the feasibility of using waste oils from the food industry as a fuel source, and additionally to test emissions generated by the combustion of these fuels. Esterified waste oils and animal fats as well as mustard oil were tested and compared to the more or less "common" fuels: diesel, rapeseed oil and rapeseed methyl ester. The results show that, in principle, each of these fuels is suitable for use in a prechamber diesel engine. Engine performance can be maintained at a constant level. Without catalytic conversion, the nitrogen oxides emissions were comparable. A significant reduction in NO(x) was achieved through the injection of urea. Combining a urea injection with the SCR catalytic converter reduced NO(x) emissions between 53% and 67%. The carbon monoxide emissions from waste oils are not significantly different from those of "common" fuels and can be reduced the same way as of hydrocarbon emissions, through utilization of a catalytic converter. The rate of carbon monoxide reduction by catalytic conversion was 84-86%. A lower hydrocarbon concentration was associated with fuels of agricultural origin. With the catalytic converter a reduction of 29-42% achieved. Each prechamber diesel engine exhibited its own characteristic exhaust, which was independent of fuel type. The selective catalytic reduction of the exhaust emissions can be realized without restriction using fuels of agricultural origin.     

Nonlinear control of a wind turbine based on nonlinear estimation techniques for maximum power extraction

This work proposes nonlinear estimators with nonlinear controllers, for variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) considering that either the wind speed measurement is not available or not accurate. The main objective of this work is to maximize the energy capture from the wind and minimizes the transient load on the drive train. Controllers are designed to adjust the generated torque for maximum power output. Estimation of effective wind speed is required to achieve the above objectives. In this work the estimation of effective wind speed is done by using the Modified Newton Rapshon (MNR), Neural Network (NN) trained by different training algorithms and nonlinear time series based estimation. Initially the control strategies applied was the classical ATF (Aerodynamic torque feed forward) and ISC (Indirect speed control), however due their weak performance and unmodeled WT disturbances, nonlinear static and dynamic feedback linearization techniques with the above wind speed estimators are proposed.     

Review of efficiencies of cogeneration units using internal combustion engines

The most frequently used technology in cogeneration units up to 10 MWe are internal combustion engines and the majority of the models are up to 500 kWe. There are dozens of reciprocating internal combustion engine–based cogeneration unit manufacturers and more than hundred suppliers in the market. In the article, data from supplier technical specifications of 583 units (34 manufacturers) is collected and analyzed. The authors proposed mathematical relations that show dependence of efficiencies on electric power that can be used for initial feasibility studies. Authors also have showed that value of 0.75 for power-to-heat ratio (proposed by EU Directive 2004/8/EC) does not always correspond to current market situation.     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.     

Blade thickness effect on the aerodynamic performance of an asymmetric NACA six series blade vertical axis wind turbine in low wind speed

ABSTRACT

Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is an economic and widely used energy converter for converting wind energy into useful form of energy, like mechanical and electrical energy. For efficient energy conversion in low wind speed and to have improved power coefficient of asymmetric blade VAWT, selection of optimum blade thickness is needed thus entailing its detailed investigation with respect to different operating wind speed conditions. Present study methodically explores the impact of thickness to chord (t/c) ratio on aerodynamic performance of a three bladed asymmetrical blade H-Darrieus VAWT at different low wind speed conditions by using 2D unsteady CFD simulations. The optimal t/c is obtained on the basis of maximum power coefficient and average moment coefficient of the turbine. The aerodynamic performance curves are obtained at different operating and t/c conditions and the performance insights are corroborated with the findings from the flow physics study to come to some concrete conclusions on the effects of the thickness to chord ratio. The present study identifies large blade curvature to create a large diverging passage on the blade suction surface as the prominent reason for aerodynamic performance drop at a high t/c ratio.     

La_(1-x)Ce_xCu_yMn_(1-y)O_3/HZSM-5催化剂低温去除柴油机碳烟和NO_x

为实现对柴油机碳烟和NOx的低温同步去除,采用柠檬酸络合法制备分子筛负载钙钛矿型金属复合氧化物催化剂,应用X衍射分析仪(XRD)和电镜扫描仪(SEM)对催化剂性能进行表征,并在微型固定床反应器中对催化剂低温去除碳烟和NOx进行活性评价。利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术,进行催化剂活性评价、柴油机负荷和排放等特性实验。结果表明,A位用适量Ce部分取代La,B位用适量Cu部分取代Mn,可使碳颗粒燃烧温度降低,CO2选择性好,NOx转化率升高。La0.4Ce0.6Cu0.2Mn0.8O3/HZSM-5催化剂的最大NOx转化率为81.0%,Ti、Tm和Tf分别为250、350和475℃,表明该催化剂具有较好的催化活性,能在低温条件下去除碳烟和NOx。     

冬季燃油节能降耗设备的研制与应用

新疆等西北地区冬季时间长,温度低,由于--35#柴油的价格比0#柴油高,但其燃烧值低于0#柴油,因此考虑用0#柴油代替--35#柴油,以降低钻井成本。回收350℃高温尾气中的热量,进行水罐加热,使水温达到60℃;然后用60℃热水对0#柴油罐进行加热和保温,使油温达到30℃。达到在冬季用0#柴油代替--35#柴油的目的,使尾气回收利用设备不需要另外的能量补给。     

基于台架测试的我国船用柴油机废气排放因子

基于燃油消耗和基于船舶活动两种方法准确测算我国水路运输行业的废气排放量,对我国生产的分别满足国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)NO_xTierⅠ、TierⅡ标准的76台和113台船用柴油机母型机排放测试报告进行了统计分析,研究确定了二冲程主机、四冲程主机和四冲程副机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于燃油的排放因子和基于做功的排放因子.结果表明,不同类型柴油机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于燃油的排放因子分别为30.67~76.55、3.01~6.13、1.25~2.24和3 141.15~3 165.63 kg·t~(-1);不同类型柴油机NO_x、CO、HC和CO_2基于做功的排放因子分别为6.83~13.64、0.61~1.35、0.21~0.50和534.04~745.18 g·(k W·h)~(-1).不同类型柴油机基于做功的排放因子与柴油机负荷密切相关,并可用幂函数或二次多项式来表达其关系;另外,通过对国外机构采用的排放因子进行简单的修正难以真实反映我国船用柴油机排放技术水平.相关研究结果为我国船舶排放清单的测算提供了具有适用性的基础数据.     

涡轮叶片高温振动特性试验技术研究

目的获取涡轮叶片实际工作温度下的模态特性、探索高温模态试验技术。方法通过虚拟试验与物理试验相结合的方式进行叶片的高温振动特性试验,首先应用基于ABAQUS的有限元分析方法,进行叶片的虚拟热试验,得到叶片的温度分布后对其模态特性进行求解。搭建叶片高温振动特性试验系统,采用辐射加热的方式对叶片施加热载荷,同时采用高频电磁振动台激振叶片,利用激光测振设备来测试叶片的速度分布从而获取叶片的振动特性参数。结果最终对比两种试验结果,虚拟试验结果与物理试验存在一定的误差,但在允差范围内。结论所述的试验方法可以为叶片振动特性测试提供科学依据,并对叶片的疲劳试验研究具有良好的参考价值。     

不同喷射方式对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式柴油机上进行了柴油/甲醇组合燃烧试验,对比了甲醇的不同喷射方式(顺序喷射与连续喷射)对组合燃烧尾气中甲醛排放的影响.试验结果表明,顺序喷射方式下尾气中的甲醛浓度要低于连续喷射尾气中的结果,在低负荷工况时,顺序喷射最大降低量达32%,在中高负荷工况下,两种喷射方式的甲醛排放相差不大.对比甲醇对柴油相同替代率时,两种喷射方式均表现在低负荷时的甲醛排放最多,而且甲醛排放差值也较大.此外,试验结果还表明,顺序喷射的燃料经济性要优于连续喷射.