生物柴油对柴油机排放细颗粒物及其中多环芳烃的影响

在柴油发动机台架上,考察普通柴油和2种原料不同的生物柴油(B100-1,大豆油为原料;B100-2,废油为原料)在2个固定转速不同负荷的4个工况点的细颗粒物PM2.5及其中多环芳烃(PAHs)的排放特性.用石英滤膜采集了尾气中的细颗粒物,并用GC/MS分析了颗粒物中的PAHs.生物柴油在高负荷时降低了柴油机PM2.5的排放速率,最大降幅达到了37.3%,在低负荷情况下增加了PM2.5排放速率.在所测试的工况下,生物柴油的颗粒相PAHs的排放速率较普通柴油均有不同程度的降低,最大降幅达到77.6%.生物柴油不但降低了PAHs的排放速率,还降低了PAHs在PM2.5中的质量百分比.B100-2的PM2.5和PAHs的平均排放速率比B100-1分别增加14.7%和17.8%.3种燃料排放PM2.5中的PAHs的主要化合物相似,均以小分子量为主,其中以菲的含量最高,2~3环PAHs超过总排放50%.生物柴油排放的PAHs毒性当量与柴油相比有较大程度地下降.     

单自由度自动翻转平台力学特性研究

目的 提出一种单自由度自动液压翻转平台,综合分析其力学特性,验证是否适用于固体火箭发动机振动试验换向过程。方法 根据液压设计理论,推导液压缸伸缩位移与翻转角度的数学关系,通过对翻转架进行静力学分析,确定翻转平台的极限受力位置,并解析受力与翻转角度之间的具体关系。针对极限受力位置的翻转架连同机架联合体,进行静应力分析,验证其稳定性。结果 翻转架处于初始水平位置时,液压缸承受最大压力,翻转角度为90°时,液压缸受拉轴向力出现最大值。翻转架的应力分布不均匀,应力最大值出现在其中部,最大应力值远小于许用应力,其强度满足应用要求。结论 翻转平台的力学性能满足设计和使用要求。另外,极限位置静力学受力分析和运动过程分析的结合评价方法,能够合理判定轴支撑翻转类机械装备的力学性能。     

Energy conservation and waste utilization in the cement industry serve the green technology and environment

The cement industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries consuming 4 GJ/ton of cement, i.e. 12–15% of the energy use in total industry. Energy cost accounts for 30% of the total cost of cement production. Seventy-five per cent of this energy is due to the thermal energy for clinker production. It is also found that 35% of this supplied thermal energy is lost in flue gas streams. Most modern kilns use pet coke or coal as their primary fuel. Instead, the municipal waste in landfills offer a cheap source of energy and reduce the environmental effects of dumping solid waste. The calcination and drying processes and the kiln need large quantities of thermal energy. About 40% of the total energy input is lost in the hot flue gases and cooling the stack plus the kiln shell. Hence, it is suitable to use an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to recover the exhaust energy from the kiln. Alternatively, a 15 MW gas turbine engine combined with a steam turbine could be utilized. It was found that ORC produces 5 MW with a capital cost recovery period of 1.26 years. However, the gas turbine combined system produces 21.45 MW with a maximum recovery period of 2.66 years.     

发动机缸体开裂失效分析

目的研究发动机缸体出现开裂失效原因。方法通过化学成分分析、力学性能分析、断口扫描分析、显微组织分析、能谱分析及低倍缺陷分析测试手段,对发动机缸体的开裂模式及失效原因进行分析。结果发动机缸体原材料中Si元素超标,导致晶界析出较多的Al Si Cu及Al2Cu脆性相,在开裂区域组织存在过热过烧现象,两个原因导致组织晶间结合力大大降低。同时,在开裂区域存在热节效应,低倍疏松和缩孔较集中的现象,为热裂纹形成及继续扩展提供了有利条件。结论通过不断改进设计工艺,控制原材料成分及调节浇注参数,大大减小了热裂纹出现概率,在后序批量生产中,未发现类似失效样件。     

A Parametric Study of a Piston-Prop Aircraft Engine Using Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analysis Methods

In this study, exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis methods are applied to a four-cylinder, spark ignition (SI), naturally aspirated and air-cooled piston-prop aircraft engine in the cruise phase of flight operations. The duration of cruise is selected to be 1 h. Three parameters, altitude, rated power setting (PS), and air-to-fuel ratio (AF), are varied by the calculation of the max–min values of exergy analysis. Based on the results of energy analysis, the values for the maximum energy efficiency and fuel consumption flow rate are calculated to be 21.73% and 28.02 kg/h, respectively, at 1000-m altitude and 75% PS. The results of exergy analysis indicate that all exergetic values vary from 65% to 75% PS, while this increase is not seen in exergoeconomic analysis. While the maximum exergy input rate is obtained to be 405.60 kW, exergy efficiency has the minimum value with 14.43% and exergy destruction rate has the maximum value with 168.48 kW. These values are achieved at 3000-m altitude and 18 AFs. The maximum average exergy cost of the fuel is calculated to be 130.77 $/GJ at 1000-m altitude, 13 AF ratios, and 65% PS. At this point, while the minimum cost rate associated with the exergy destruction is obtained to be 40.29 $/h, the maximum exergoeconomic factor is found to be 19.98%.     

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured. • There exists a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. • Engine operations have significant impacts on real-world tailpipe emissions. • Emission inventory development should take into account job duties and operations. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in emissions of off-road equipment using a portable emission measurement system. A total of 53 commonly used equipment for agriculture, base construction, paving construction, and material handling were selected. Time-based and fuel-based emissions were quantified by different duty and engine modes. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Ten engine modes were defined based on normalized engine revolutions-per-minute and manifold absolute pressure, respectively. Composite emission factors taking into account both duty modes and its corresponding time percentage during a typical duty cycle were estimated. Results showed that there existed a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. Depending on duty and engine modes, time-based NO emissions ranged from 3.1 to 237.9, 29.1‒1475.6, 83.2‒681.6, and 3.2‒385.2 g/h for agriculture, base construction, paving construction and material handling equipment, respectively while for fuel-based NO emissions these ranges were 5.3‒52.0, 11.7‒69.0, 4.8‒30.8, and 11.0‒54.6 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, emission factors derived from this study exhibited a much larger variability compared to those used in NONROAD by US EPA and National Guideline for Off-road Equipment of China. This implied that localized measurements of emissions are needed for improvement of accuracy of emission inventory. Furthermore, both equipment types and operations should be considered for development of emission inventory and control strategy.     

基于Excel和VBA的汽轮机排汽焓求解

热力性能测试和计算是火电机组热经济性分析的基础,其中排汽焓的确定不容忽视。在分析比较目前各种在线和离线计算方法的基础上,介绍了利用Excel的矩阵函数,配合少量VBA代码,快速求解汽轮机排汽焓的具体方法。该方法以汽轮机及回热系统能量平衡为基础,遵循GB 8117-1987要求并参考ASME PTC6-1996规范。实例计算表明,该方法编程简单,计算快速,可满足汽轮机热力性能试验报告等的需要。     

生物机油添加剂对柴油机气态污染物和颗粒物排放的影响

通过柴油机台架试验对某种生物机油添加剂进行排放性试验,确定其对柴油机尾气中各类污染物排放的影响。试验过程依据GB/T 18297—2001《汽车发动机性能试验方法》和GB 17691—2005《车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)》,选定转速为2 000 r/min,进行发动机负荷特性试验,对尾气中的CO、THC、NO_x及颗粒物进行采集分析。结果表明：使用该生物机油添加剂后,CO和THC比排放量变化不大,只在低负荷时略有降低,最高可降低15%左右;NO_x比排放量有一定程度地升高,最多可升高15%;颗粒物比排放量降低较为明显,最大可削减53%;使用添加剂后,低负荷下可削减20~100 nm颗粒物的数浓度,中负荷下颗粒物数浓度排放变化不明显,高负荷下对20 nm以下和50 nm以上的颗粒物数浓度有削减作用,而20~50 nm的颗粒物数浓度会略有增加;随着发动机负荷增加,粒径分布图会逐渐升高变窄向左移动,使用添加剂会减缓这种变化趋势。     

车船用内燃发动机噪声污染及其控制

分析内燃机的噪声源和传统的无源降噪方法,结合作者的研究工作介绍了一种随计算机技术和现代控制理论发展起来的主动消声新技术一有源降噪。     

基于多尺度排列熵和极限学习机的风机叶片覆冰故障检测方法*

针对风机叶片结冰故障检测中状态数据维度高和检测率低的问题,提出1种使用功率数据驱动的多尺度排列熵（multiscale permutation entropy,MPE）和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）的风机叶片结冰故障检测方法。首先,使用多尺度排列熵提取功率数据的多重尺度特征,得到特征向量;随后,采用极限学习机,结合环境温度,对结冰故障进行检测;最后,通过使用某风电场的数据采集与监视控制系统（supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA）对数据进行仿真。研究结果表明:所提方法的故障检测率达到100％,同时虚警率仅有0.14％,表明所提方法在风机叶片的覆冰故障检测中的有效性。研究结果可为风机叶片覆冰故障检测提供1种有效方法。