用柴油/醇组合燃烧法在城市车用柴油机上实现同时降低碳烟与NOx排放的研究

柴油机在部分工况采用柴油扩散燃烧 ,另一部分工况则采用柴油引燃醇燃料形成的均质混合气压燃燃烧 .这种组合燃烧利用醇的高汽化潜热和含氧特性 ,达到同时降低柴油机碳烟及氮氧化物 (NOx)排放的目的 ,并可以避免小负荷燃烧醇燃料带来的高醛类排放问题 .在一台 4 85QDI直喷式柴油机上采用上述组合燃烧法进行了试验 ,醇均质混合气经进气管处喷射形成 ,用电控装置控制醇燃料喷入量及其喷入时刻 .试验结果表明 ,与原机相比 ,碳烟和NOx 排放分别可以减少 5 0 %和 30 %以上 ,同时燃料的消耗率也有大幅度降低 .该方法为降低城市车用柴油机的碳烟排放提出一个新的解决途径     

含机油废水微生物降解实验研究

从油污土壤中筛选分离出两株高效机油降解菌ZL1，ZL2，初步鉴定了黄杆菌属和微球菌属，通过生长条件正交实验测定了温度，底物浓度和pH对其降解能力的影响，在废水油浓度较高条件下进行了连续降解实验。结果表明：2d左右对于含油270mg/L的去除率分别达到67.9%和76．2％，其中ZL2菌对底物浓度和pH值有较广的适应范围。     

柴油车尾气的致突变作用

用大鼠肝细胞悬液程序外ＤＮＡ合成试验（ＵＤＳ），来检测５种柴油机颗粒物的致突变活性，结果显示国产及进口的轻、中、重型柴油机，其排出颗粒提取物均能引起大鼠肝细胞ＵＤＳ试验的ＣＰＭ值升高，且有一定的剂量－反应关系，说明柴油机排出的颗粒提取物存在细胞遗传毒性；各牌号比较发现其颗粒物致突变性的轻型车大于中、重型车，国产车大于同类进口车的趋势。     

柴油机尾气净化用的钙钛矿型催化剂的研究

用浸渍法制备了多种ABO_3型催化剂,考察了多种因素对其活性的影响及作用机制。柴油机台架实验结果表明,在A位掺杂Sr可提高催化剂的活性;稀土在最后一次浸渍液中浸渍,以二次浸渍为宜;堇青石陶瓷蜂窝状催化剂的性能优于γ-Al_2O_3球状催化剂。蜂窝状催化剂上CO的起燃温度T_(50)％=110℃,而T_(90)％=157℃;在温度仅为200℃,而空速高达70000h~(-1)的条件下CO的净化率仍达90％;积碳起燃温度为323℃,优于Pt族贵金属催化剂;热稳定性和对CO浓度的适应性较好,且具有抗SO_2中毒能力。     

柴油机污染物排放后处理技术的研究进展

国内外柴油机主要排放物NOx和微粒的后处理技术的研究现状和最新技术发展动态表明，机内、机外处理技术的组合，是达到未来柴油机排放标准、实现大幅度降低柴油机污染物排放的趋势。分析了各种机外净化技术的特点和存在问题，阐述了燃油含硫量对柴油机排放后处理的影响。     

降低汽油机冷起动阶段有害排放的技术措施

在汽油机的一个测试循环中,约占排放污染物总量70%～80%的非甲烷碳氢化合物是在汽油机冷起动阶段没有经催化转化而直接排入大气中,造成严重污染。研究探讨了使用高效汽油添加剂、催化器减少汽油机冷起动排放污染物的机理和实况,进而提出了一些可行的实用方案。     

柴油机排放颗粒物净化技术研究进展

柴油机被认为是城市大气微粒的主要污染源。柴油机颗粒物组成复杂并且颗粒粒径甚小,大都属于亚微米级粒子和纳米级粒子。因而柴油机颗粒物对人类健康和大气环境的影响受到世人的广泛关注。本文主要对柴油机排放颗粒物的生成机理、化学组成及危害、物理性质、检测方法和净化技术等方面进行综述与探讨。     

SALMONID SMOLT SURVIVAL RELATIVE TO TURBINE EFFICIENCY AND ENTRAINMENT DEPTH IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION1

ABSTRACT: The hypotheses that fish survival probabilities may be lower (1) at less than peak operating turbine efficiency; (2) at deeper entrainment depth; and (3) with the deployment of extended‐length intake guidance screens, are not supported by results on yearling chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington. Estimated 96 h survival probabilities for the six test conditions ranged from 0.937 to 0.972, with the highest survival at turbine operating towards the lower end of its efficiency. A blanket recommendation to operate all Kaplan type turbines within ± 1 percent of their peak efficiency appears too restrictive. Cavitation mode survival (0.946) was comparable to that at peak operating efficiency mode (0.937), as was the survival between upper (0.947) and mid depths (0.937). Survival differed only slightly among three turbine intake bays at the same depth (0.937 to 0.954), most likely due to differential flow distribution. Extended‐length intake fish guidance screens did not reduce survival. However, the sources of injury somewhat differed with depth; probable pressure and shear‐related injuries were common on fish entrained at mid‐depth, and mechanically‐induced injuries were common at upper depth. Operating conditions that reduce turbulence within the turbine environment may enhance fish survival; however, controlled experiments that integrate turbine flow physics and geometry and the path entrained fish traverse are needed to develop specific guidance to further enhance fish passage survival.     

Numerical computation and characteristic analysis on the center shift of fire whirls in a ship engine room fire

The existence of fire whirls in some ship engine room is studied by using the basic elements of the fire whirls formation. The temperature characteristic of fire whirls are used to study the path shift of fire whirls and the result is nearly circular. The center shift angular velocity of fire whirls is analyzed with the least square fitting in the conditions of the constant wind velocity and the variable wind velocity from four sides. In the situation of the constant wind velocity, the result shows that the center shift angular velocity of fire whirls comply with the change regularity of a cube polynomial with different wind speed. When the wind velocity is more than 6.58 m/s, it strongly affects the change rate of the center shift angular velocity. However, in the situation of variable wind velocity, when the change rule of wind velocity follow increasing or descending regularity, the change law of the center shift angular velocity is proportional to the size of the wind velocity, but when the wind velocity is random variation, the change fluctuation of center shift angular velocity is comparatively small. Computational results have important significance for the structure fireproofing, fire evaluation and shipping design.     

点火提前角对焦炉气天然气混燃发动机燃烧特性的影响分析

为了研究不同点火提前角对焦炉气与天然气混燃发动机燃烧特性的影响,对一台6缸焦炉气发动机,运用CATIA建立其燃烧室模型。在相同的条件下,运用CFD分析软件研究了6种点火提前角（θig）下焦炉气与天然气发动机的燃烧特性。模拟表明:随着θig的提前,缸内的压力、温度、NO生成量的峰值都会升高且提前,当θig推迟到-12 ℃A以后时,出现严重的后燃现象,使得排放温度升高;当θig提前到-25 ℃A之前时,NO的生成量和缸内流速迅速增加,快速燃烧在压缩上止点之前10 ℃A范围内,发动机做负功;当θig为-15 ℃A时,虽然NO的生成有所增加,但是增加的不是很大,并且压力、温度、快速燃烧都在做功行程接近上止点的位置。