管道内瓦斯爆炸传播的试验研究

运用大型试验管道对瓦斯爆炸传播规律进行试验研究,并对瓦斯爆炸压力峰值、火焰速度和呈现时间进行分析,得出:在不出现爆轰的前提下,爆源点附近的压力峰值是全管道的最大值;爆炸压力峰值在沿管道的传播过程中从爆源点附近是先增大后减小,然后再逐渐增大且压力峰值最早呈现在出口附近;火焰传播速度随着传播距离的增大而逐渐增大且在爆炸初期增大速率更快;瓦斯浓度对爆炸压力峰值、火焰传播速度和呈现时间等都有重要影响。     

湍流环形通道热泳脱除可吸入颗粒物技术研究

湍流中PM 2.5粒子的热泳沉积是国际上研究热门课题.但目前单纯热泳沉积效率也不过20%左右.依据热泳基本原理,设计了一种新型湍流方环形双壁冷却式通道.计算表明,该类型通道比一般单管通道有着较高的可吸入颗粒物脱除效率.同时,利用湍流的沉积效率,加上热泳沉积效率,可以达到较高的总泳沉积效率.通过结构设计,可以提高可吸入颗粒物的脱除效率,是值得进一步探索的新路子.     

基于GIS和模型的流域非点源污染控制区划

采用GIS技术和USLE,SCS-CN,污染物流失经验模型及AnnAGNPS机理模型相结合,对农业集约化程度较高的南方中等尺度流域进行农业非点源污染控制区划.结果表明:利用GIS和经验模型回答了流域农业非点源污染氮磷来源与贡献,标识了农业非点源污染氮磷等污染物的关键源区,发挥了经验模型所需模型参数少、研究尺度较大、效率较高的优点,通过GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,实现了流域非点源污染的分布式模拟,识别了NPS的关键源区.借助AnnAGNPS机理模型,在模型得以校验的前提下,模拟了非点源污染管理措施方案.以模型和GIS的定量结果为依据,对九龙江流域农业非点源污染控制进行了区划,共划分了水土流失控制区、生猪养殖+水土流失控制区、化肥施用+生猪养殖控制区、水土流失+化肥施用控制区及化肥施用+水土流失控制区5类控制单元.      

基于LBM的风窗流场数值模拟与PIV实验研究

风窗流场分布规律对于粉尘、瓦斯、有毒有害气体运移规律以及风窗局部阻力计算具有一定的影响,而常用的CFD方法在模拟风窗后阶湍流流场这类问题上存在计算复杂度高的问题,针对此问题,结合格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法在流场模拟方面具有求解精度高、计算复杂度小的特点,采用多松弛格式的格子玻尔兹曼方法(MRT-LBM)对巷道风窗流场进行模拟研究。为验证格子玻尔兹曼方法对风窗流场模拟的有效性,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对风窗流场分布规律进行实验验证研究。研究结果表明:LBM模拟风窗流场回流区长度为340 mm,风窗主流风速最高达19.1 m/s;PIV实验测试风窗流场回流区长度为320 mm,风窗主流风速最高达18.4 m/s,在相同模型条件下,LBM模拟结果与PIV实验测试结果基本保持一致。LBM与Fluent模拟进行对比,模拟精度、运行速度和操作便捷性要优于Fluent模拟。     

Analyzing the Effects of Groundwater Pumping on an Urban Stream‐Aquifer System

When the cone of influence of a pumping well reaches a nearby river, the resulting hydraulic gradient can induce enhanced seepage of streamflow into the aquifer. The rate of seepage is often modeled using analytical solutions that are simple to apply but may not reproduce field data due to mathematical assumptions not being met in the field. Furthermore, the appropriateness of such models has not been investigated in detail due to difficulty in measuring streamflow loss in the field. In this study, a field experiment was conducted on a reach of the South Platte River near Denver, Colorado to estimate pumping‐induced streamflow loss. A network of stream gauges, monitoring wells, and in situ measurements was used to observe streamflow rates, groundwater levels, and temperature to assess if pumping wells have a significant impact on streamflow, and to compare observed streamflow depletion against analytical solutions. Data collected suggest that pumping wells have a noticeable impact on streamflow. The analytical solutions proved accurate if streamflow was low and constant but performed poorly if streamflow was high and variable. Therefore, for this reach, the use of analytical solutions to predict streamflow may only be appropriate under low‐flow, constant‐flow conditions. Methods and results can be used to guide other streamflow depletion studies and to inform cases of pumping‐induced streamflow depletion, particularly in regard to water rights.     

种群水平生态风险评价方法概述及其在环境管理中的应用

生态风险评价的目的是保护生态系统功能的完整性、稳定性和持久性,为环境风险管理提供理论依据。然而,目前常见的用于保护生物的化学污染物浓度阈值大多是以个体水平的毒性试验结果为基础,忽略了物种在时间和空间相互作用等因素,不能够完全保护生态环境安全和生态系统功能的延续性。本文从生态风险评价的概念、目的和意义引出种群水平生态风险评价在环境管理应用的重要性,综述了种群水平生态风险评价的科学问题(如密度依赖、遗传变异和空间结构等),归纳了种群水平风险评价主要模型方法及其应用(如Euler-Lotka方程、预测矩阵、个体模型、空间模型和动态能量预算模型等),列举了各国现有法律法规中关于种群水平生态风险评价的规定,以期为种群水平生态风险评价方法研究及在环境管理中的应用提供有益借鉴。     

江淮地区秋季一次典型污染过程分析

结合2018年10月15—20日国控站点监测数据、气象资料及激光雷达走航观测结果,对江淮地区一次重度污染过程进行了分析。利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模型和拉格朗日混合单粒子轨迹模型定性分析了区域污染来源,分别基于激光雷达和空气站实测数据提出了外来源占比的估算方法,结合嵌套网格空气质量预报模式(NAQPMS)的源解析结果,对比分析了外来源占比。以淮北市为例,结合NAQPMS和单颗粒气溶胶质谱的PM2.5在线源解析结果,对比分析此次污染过程的行业来源。结果表明,本地污染累积时段,主要以燃煤和机动车尾气混合源为主(占比>70%);受北方污染输送时段,机动尾气占比显著升高,从19.4%(16日00:00)升至66.7%(17日11:00),淮北市、蚌埠市、合肥市3个城市污染物外来输送占比分别为52.2%~70.6%、48.8%~58.8%、41.5%~59.0%。     

A study of the atmospheric dispersion of a high release of krypton-85 above a complex coastal terrain, comparison with the predictions of Gaussian models (Briggs, Doury, ADMS4)

Atmospheric releases of krypton-85, from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the AREVA NC facility at La Hague (France), were used to test Gaussian models of dispersion. In 2001-2002, the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) studied the atmospheric dispersion of 15 releases, using krypton-85 as a tracer for plumes emitted from two 100-m-high stacks. Krypton-85 is a chemically inert radionuclide. Krypton-85 air concentration measurements were performed on the ground in the downwind direction, at distances between 0.36 and 3.3 km from the release, by neutral or slightly unstable atmospheric conditions. The standard deviation for the horizontal dispersion of the plume and the Atmospheric Transfer Coefficient (ATC) were determined from these measurements. The experimental results were compared with calculations using first generation (Doury, Briggs) and second generation (ADMS 4.0) Gaussian models. The ADMS 4.0 model was used in two configurations; one takes account of the effect of the built-up area, and the other the effect of the roughness of the surface on the plume dispersion. Only the Briggs model correctly reproduced the measured values for the width of the plume, whereas the ADMS 4.0 model overestimated it and the Doury model underestimated it. The agreement of the models with measured values of the ATC varied according to distance from the release point. For distances less than 2 km from the release point, the ADMS 4.0 model achieved the best agreement between model and measurement; beyond this distance, the best agreement was achieved by the Briggs and Doury models.     

Estimating contribution of wildland fires to ambient ozone levels in National Parks in the Sierra Nevada, California

Data from four continuous ozone and weather monitoring sites operated by the National Park Service in Sierra Nevada, California, are used to develop an ozone forecasting model and to estimate the contribution of wildland fires on ambient ozone levels. The analyses of weather and ozone data pointed to the transport of ozone precursors from the Central Valley as an important source of pollution in these National Parks. Comparisons of forecasted and observed values demonstrated that accurate forecasts of next-day hourly ozone levels may be achieved by using a time series model with historic averages, expected local weather and modeled PM values as explanatory variables. Results on fire smoke influence indicated occurrence of significant increases in average ozone levels with increasing fire activity. The overall effect on diurnal ozone values, however, was small when compared with the amount of variability attributed to sources other than fire.     

旋风分离器内高速旋转流场的数值计算方法选择

数值计算方法已成为研究旋风分离器内部流场的重要途径。利用计算流体力学方法对旋风分离器内部气相流场进行了数值模拟研究。分析了不同湍流模型、离散化方式和压力插值方式对旋风分离器内部计算流场的影响,并将所得数值结果与已知的实验数据进行了对比,以期得到最适合的数值模型。结果表明:对于旋风分离器内部复杂流场的流动,运用雷诺应力模型(Low-Re Stress-Omega)能够较好地预测出强制涡中心涡流的运动情况,同时采用SIMPLEC算法、二阶迎风离散化方式和PRESTO压力梯度插补格式能够获得最好的预报结果。