A methodological approach to develop “contaminant migration–population effects” models

The main aim of the present work is to discuss the methodological approaches that underpin the “contaminant migration–population effects” models for the evaluation of the detriment to populations of moving organisms in environmental systems with spatial and time dependent pollution levels. A technique to couple the equations controlling the population dynamics and the pollutant dispersion is described and discussed. The domain of application and the limitations of the methodology are analysed and illustrated by some examples. Possible alternative approaches are briefly presented.     

On the consequences of aggregation and balancing of networks on system properties derived from ecological network analysis

In the ecological network analysis (ENA) of complex flow food webs the assumption is often made that the models characterizing the flows and stocks of ecosystems occur in a steady state where inflows equals outflows. An assessment of the system indices derived from ENA of six balanced and unbalanced system models, respectively, indicate to differences between indices. The aggregation of highly articulated flow models into models with fewer compartments also has drastic effects on the system metrics, particularly on the information indices.     

Invasion, Disturbance, and Competition: Modeling the Fate of Coastal Plant Populations

Abstract:  Wetland habitats are besieged by biotic and abiotic disturbances such as invasive species, hurricanes, habitat fragmentation, and salinization. Predicting how these factors will alter local population dynamics and community structure is a monumental challenge. By examining ecologically similar congeners, such as Iris hexagona and I. pseudacorus (which reproduce clonally and sexually and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions), one can identify life-history traits that are most influential to population growth and viability. We combined empirical data and stage-structured matrix models to investigate the demographic responses of native ( I. hexagona ) and invasive ( I. pseudacorus ) plant populations to hurricanes and salinity stress in freshwater and brackish wetlands. In our models I. hexagona and I. pseudacorus responded differently to salinity stress, and species coexistence was rare. In 82% of computer simulations of freshwater marsh, invasive iris populations excluded the native species within 50 years, whereas native populations excluded the invasive species in 99% of the simulations in brackish marsh. The occurrence of hurricanes allowed the species to coexist, and species persistence was determined by the length of time it took the ecosystem to recover. Rapid recovery (2 years) favored the invasive species, whereas gradual recovery (30 years) favored the native species. Little is known about the effects of hurricanes on competitive interactions between native and invasive plant species in marsh ecosystems. Our models contribute new insight into the relationship between environmental disturbance and invasion and demonstrate how influential abiotic factors such as climate change will be in determining interspecific interactions.     

A statistical model to forecast the profile of the index structure constant $${C_N^2}$$

A statistical study was performed over 145 profiles of meteorological balloons, equipped with microthermal sensors, from the ground to the midstratosphere. This study put into evidence the lognormal distribution of the fluctuations of the structure constant of temperature, the fluctuations of the buoyancy force and the vertical shear of the horizontal wind speed. We show that these quantities, computed over a large scale (100 m), are correlated up to the midstratosphere. A model is adjusted to estimate the optical turbulence strength from the macroscopic meteorological parameters. The model performances, to estimate and forecast the strength and the altitude of the optical turbulent layers, are quantified and compared with other already defined models. This model was shown to have the best performances and put into evidence a new relation to describe the turbulence on a large scale.     

梯形巷道平均风速分布特征的数值与实验研究

为实现矿井巷道内风量的准确监测,基于3D数值模型,对梯形截面巷道内平均风速的分布规律进行了数值分析,并通过实验研究对模拟结果进行对比验证,同时在不同断面尺寸及不同通风风速条件下,数值分析了梯形巷道内紊流充分发展截面上平均风速点的分布特征。结果表明:平均风速分布呈现环状连续分布,数值结果与实验结果符合良好;梯形截面上平均风速点的分布与通风风速无关,仅与巷道截面特征和参数有关;得到了梯形截面平均风速分布曲线在巷道顶部的特征方程。     

基于绝热火焰温度多元混合气体可燃性极限的理论预测

为了预测多元混合气体可燃性极限,通过化学平衡计算软件分析确定了气体在可燃性下限（LFL）和可燃性上限（UFL）的燃烧产物及计算绝热火焰温度（CAFT）,基于能量平衡方程和简化反应模型,分别建立了混合气体LFL和UFL预测模型。应用该预测模型对CH4、C2H4、C3H8、C3H6和CO组成的不同比例混合气体可燃性极限进行预测。结果表明:简化反应模型对于LFL和UFL预测值与文献中实验值的平均相对误差分别为2.76%和5.45%,相关系数分别为0.995和0.950;同时发现两步简化模型对含有C2H4和CO混合组分预测结果误差较大,但对于平均碳原子数大于2的混合气体,预测结果一致性较好。     

Kinetic and equilibrium models for the biosorption of Cr(III) on Streptomyces rimosus

This study focused on the biosorption of trivalent chromium onto mycelial bacterium (Streptomyces rimosus) biomass from effluent of tannery. The biomass was prepared by treatment with alkali. Fourier transforms-infra red analysis of the mycelial bacterial revealed the presence of carboxyl groups as possible binding sites. Experimental parameters affecting biosorption processes such as pH contact time were studied. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherms. The Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The biosorption capacity of S. rimosus biomass for trivalent chromium was found to be 83 mg g^?1 at pH 4.8 and 3 g L^?1 biomass dosage, 300 min equilibrium time and 20°C. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data showed that the biosorption processes of trivalent chromium followed pseudo-second-order kinetics well.     

A compass for sustainable development

A response to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Consultation from the Institute of Biology, the Association of Applied Biology, the British Crop Protection Council, the British Ecological Society, the British Electrophoresis Society, the British Grassland Society, and the Institute of Horticulture     

紊流作用下泥沙释放磷的试验及数值模拟

为研究水体紊动对泥沙释放污染物的影响,引入近似均匀紊流模拟装置,开展不同强度紊动作用下泥沙运动释放磷动态过程及基本规律的试验,研究表明:紊动扩散作用对泥沙解吸释放磷有着十分重要的影响,紊动较弱时,泥沙尚未起动,床面泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素解吸至孔隙水中,在垂向紊动扩散作用下输送至上覆水中,将使得上覆水中溶解态磷浓度增大;紊动作用较强时,泥沙逐渐悬扬至水体中,悬浮泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素直接解吸至上覆水中,泥沙浓度越高,溶解态磷含量增长速率越大,达到平衡的时间越短.通过耦合紊流模型、水流泥沙数学模型、污染物对流扩散模型和Langmuir吸附动力学方程建立了紊动作用下泥沙释放磷的垂向一维数学模型,针对试验条件进行数值模拟,模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差低于10%,可为模拟天然水体中泥沙悬浮释放磷的时空演化提供参考.     

普光高含硫气田集输管道冲蚀规律及预测模型研究

基于灰色关联分析方法,根据集输管道在线腐蚀监测数据,采用剪切应力表征湍流两相流动对管道内壁的冲刷作用,以湍流强度表征湍流传质强化对腐蚀的影响程度,同时集成普光气田集输管道室内静态腐蚀实验数据,建立了普光气田集输管道动态腐蚀预测模型,为普光气田集输系统腐蚀监测及安全管理提供了依据。