Use of Ammophila arenaria for Dune Stabilization in South Africa and Its Current Distribution—Perceptions and Problems

Ammophila arenaria (marram or European beach grass) for dune stabilization in South Africa in the past and present, its present distribution in South Africa, and the perceptions of coastal management agencies and the public about its further use. The planting of A. arenaria became the most important means of dune stabilization, by human intervention, along the South African Cape coast in this century. Its modern distribution from the semiarid west coast to the subtropical shores of the Eastern Cape extends through various climatic zones. Although historical data are missing for some areas, there is no indication of its unaided spread. A. arenaria occurs at most sites because of its prior planting. The South African climate appears to affect its vigor. However, concern about the use of the alien grass has been raised since it has proved to be a highly invasive species in other parts of the world, particularly along the North American west coast and in Tasmania. While the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) promotes its use, CNC (Cape Nature Conservation) follows a policy that restricts the use of any alien plant, including A. arenaria, and requests further research on its invasive properties. Although a questionnaire survey shows that stabilization sites featuring large areas of A. arenaria are accepted by the South African public, current coastal management practices need to be analyzed critically. A thorough investigation of the potential invasiveness of A. arenaria on South African coastal dunes will be essential and shed new light on the American A. arenaria problem.     

Effects of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on two life stages of the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated lethal and sublethal effects (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol, and acetylcholinesterase) of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on larval and adult grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). The 96-hour LC50 test for larvae resulted in an estimated LC50 of 1.52 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.85 mg/L). The adult 96-h LC50 was 2.46 mg/L (95% CI = 2.07–2.93 mg/L). Glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and acetylcholinesterase levels were not significantly affected in adult grass shrimp by exposure of up to 3.00 mg/L irgarol. Lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase levels in the larvae were significantly higher than controls in the highest irgarol exposures of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in larvae in all four irgarol concentrations tested while glutathione levels were not significantly affected in larvae. Both lethal and sublethal effects associated with irgarol exposure were only observed at concentrations well above those reported in the environment.     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响简

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响,提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示,餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸,达到25.7 g/L,其干物质转化率可以达到32.1% （g TS）,而餐厨+茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20.1 g/L,干物质转化率为25.1%。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解,得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,餐厨处理和餐厨+茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6.5、2.8、8.0和6.1 g/L、2.7 g/L和5.9 g/L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例,而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明,厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

草坪节肢动物群落多样性指标的通径分析

为了深入了解草坪节肢动物群落多样性的影响因子,对黄山学院校园内的草坪节肢动物总群落、非天敌和天敌亚群落的多样性与其他主要生态学指标之间的关系进行了通径分析。结果表明,总群落中多样性指数H′同各主要生态学指标均呈正相关,其中在总群落、非天敌和天敌亚群落中Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J和McIntosh指数DMC对多样性指数H′起决定性作用。由此可见,草坪节肢动物群落多样性水平的提高可通过生境增加节肢动物群落的Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J及McIntosh指数DMC来实现。     

草鱼在2-硝基芴试验液中暴露后鳃组织结构变化的初步研究

用电镜观察的方法研究具有直接致突变性和致癌性的化合物－２硝基芴对草鱼鳃组织结构的影响,结果表明,２－硝基芴对鳃组织有明显的损伤,主要包括鳃小片的肿大和出现大量的泌氯细胞,并在作用１０ｄ时观察到上皮细胞死亡。     

山西省永定河流域林草植被生态需水研究

以山西永定河流域及周边17 个气象站点1957—2000 年的气象资料为依据,在GIS支持下,从时空角度定量分析了山西永定河流域林草植被生态需水及其在不同植被类型、流域不同地区及植被生长期内的分配。研究结果表明: 山西永定河流域植被建设最小生态需水量为1 628.5×10⁶ m³,对应的盈余水量为653.5×10⁶ m³,适宜生态需水量为2 709.5×10⁶ m³,对应的生态缺水量为427.5×10⁶ m³;降雨总体上能满足相应面积草、灌、乔植被生长期最小生态需水及草地适宜生态需水,基本满足灌木植被的适宜生态需水,不能满足乔木植被适宜生态需水;生态缺水较多的区域主要是大同、怀仁和左云等地,缺水时段集中在4—6 月。关键词:生态需水;林草植被;GIS;山西永定河流域     

Raising medium function of environmental engineering by usinglife rubbish to produce carpet turf

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丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅镉吸收与分配的影响

采用盆栽方法模拟土壤Cd污染状况,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅生长及对Cd吸收、分配的影响.结果表明,土壤加Cd15～50mg·kg-1对菌根侵染率无显著影响;在不加Cd的土壤中,接种菌根真菌有助于Cd的吸收和向地上部的运输;在Cd污染土壤中,接种菌根真菌并未明显改善紫羊茅的磷营养状况,并且也没有明显增加紫羊茅的生物量,但是地上部的Cd浓度和吸收量均显著低于不接种的处理,其原因是菌根真菌强化了Cd在紫羊茅根系的固持作用,减少Cd在地上部的分配比例,从而降低了紫羊茅地上部对Cd的积累.试验还观察到,不同菌根真菌对紫羊茅吸Cd量的影响具有一定差异,Glomusintraradices在Cd污染的土壤中对Cd吸收的抑制效应大于Glomousmosseae.这些结果一方面说明菌根真菌侵染是紫羊茅地上部Cd含量减少的直接原因,同时也反映出在自然生态系统中,作为污染物由土壤环境进入食物链系统的门户之一的丛枝菌根真菌在调节生态系统中重金属Cd的生物循环、减轻重金属Cd对食物链的污染风险方面发挥着重要作用.     

四氯乙烯和对二氯苯对草鱼的联合毒性

采用水生污染暴露试验和水生毒理联合效应相加指数法,研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)和对二氯苯(P-DCB)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的单一毒性与联合毒性.结果表明,PCE和P-DCB的单一毒性均为高毒,且P-DCB的毒性大于PCE.PCE和P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在浓度1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的相加指数(AI)分别为0.26,0.37,0.78,0.98,联合毒性为相加作用.PCE与P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在毒性1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的AI分别为-0.15,0.24,0.83,1.30,联合毒性主要是相加作用,但是随着染毒时间的延长,联合毒性由相加作用向协同作用转变.     

十溴二苯乙烷对草鱼幼鱼肝脏和肌肉组织氧化应激效应的影响

十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)是目前在全球范围内广泛使用的新型溴代阻燃剂,其环境风险已引起广泛关注,但目前仍缺乏针对水生生物的毒性研究数据。作者通过饲料中添加十溴二苯乙烷暴露的方式对草鱼幼鱼进行长期暴露实验,研究500、1 000和3 000 mg·kg~(-1)三个饲料添加剂量暴露组和1个对照组长期暴露对草鱼幼鱼肝脏和肌肉组织中氧化应激酶(SOD、CAT和GSH-PX)活性和抗氧化物质(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示:暴露8周后,随着DBDPE暴露水平的升高,草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织中氧化应激酶(SOD、CAT和GSH-PX)和抗氧化物质(GSH)均表现出低浓度诱导及高浓度抑制的效应。500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性和GSH含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且均在500 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组达到最高。3 000 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性和GSH含量低于500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)暴露组,但与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。草鱼幼鱼肌肉组织中氧化应激酶活性变化甚微,3个浓度剂量组肌肉组织中SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量以及500 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GSH-PX活性与对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究成果表明DBDPE暴露影响草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织的抗氧化防御系统,可以诱导草鱼幼鱼产生氧化应激效应。