污泥厌氧消化预处理技术综述

全球环境问题已成为国际社会关注的焦点,围绕全球气候变化,降低温室气体排放,寻求再生能源,节能减排已成为目前国际科技发展的方向。通过"十一五"污水处理厂的建设,每年污泥产量已接近3000万吨(含水率80%脱水污泥计)以上,且以每年10%的速度递增。其处理与处置是制约社会经济发展的重要问题。但是,城市污泥蕴含有大量生物质能,通过借鉴国外先进技术与经验,开发城市污泥生物质能提取和利用技术,对我国节能减排具有重要战略意义。由于细胞壁的存在,使得污泥水解成为限制厌氧消化效率的重要瓶颈,而污泥强化预处理可有效提高污泥细胞壁的破坏,溶出胞内有机物,最大化回收剩余污泥中的有机能源。目前,预处理技术较多,如超声波预处理、热处理、微波预处理、碱解处理、臭氧预处理等,本文从物理、化学等角度分析了不同预处理对厌氧消化技术的影响。     

微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中的总磷

采用热效率高的微波消解系统对土壤中的总磷进行消解,建立了微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中总磷的方法,该方法对比HJ632-2011碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法具有快速、简便、节约试剂等特点。本文用两种分析方法对实际土壤样品及标准样品进行定量测定,所得结果表明微波消解法能快速测定大量土壤样品的总磷。     

固体厌氧消化原料流变特性研究综述

厌氧消化原料的流变特性是厌氧消化工艺设计和运行的重要参数。本文从研究对象、实验操作、研究内容和结果、影响因素以及发展方向等方面对固体厌氧消化原料,特别是污泥的流变特性研究现状进行了概述。研究表明,污泥来源广泛,成分复杂,属于非牛顿流体的范畴,其流变特性受多种因素影响,其中污泥的总悬浮固体(TSS)(或混合液悬浮固体(MLSS))和温度是最主要的影响因素。大部分研究采用层流剪切实验对物料的流变特性进行表征,研究对象范围有待于扩大。尚需针对流体本构方程的改进,共消化对于原料流变特性的影响,混合液固、液相指标与流变参数的关系等方面开展研究,为利用流变参数作为工艺控制参数提供理论依据,并解决工程放大等问题。     

Environmental monitoring of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in water and soil samples after solid phase microextraction using PVC/MWCNTs nanocomposite fiber

A novel nanocomposite based on incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was prepared. Proposed nanocomposite was coated on stainless steel wire by deep coating. Composition of nanocomposite was optimized based on results of morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy. The best composition (83% MWCNTs:17% PVC) was applied as a solid phase microextraction fiber. Complex mixture of aromatic (BTEX) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₅–C₃₄) were selected as model analytes, and performance of proposed fiber in extraction of the studied compounds from water and soil samples was evaluated. Analytical merits of the method for water samples (LODs = 0.10–1.10 ng L⁻¹, r² = 0.9940–0.9994) and for soil samples (LODs = 0.10–0.77 ng kg⁻¹, r² = 0.9946–0.9994) showed excellent characteristics of it in ultra trace determination of petroleum type environmental pollutants. Finally, the method was used for determination of target analytes in river water, industrial effluent and soil samples.     

腐熟蓝藻与厌氧污泥混合厌氧发酵特性

采用批次小试实验对不同腐熟程度的蓝藻进行厌氧发酵产沼气实验研究。结果表明,新鲜蓝藻在30-35℃时腐熟7 d后,可在35℃的厌氧温度下获得最高的产气速率和246 mL/g COD的产气量,产气潜力为354 mL/g（VS）。厌氧反应15 d后,累计产气量、COD和VFA浓度趋于稳定。淀粉酶和脱氢酶的活性在厌氧反应初期受到抑制,蛋白酶活性和辅酶F420浓度在厌氧系统中逐渐增加,分别在第6天达到27.66μmol/（g VS·min）和第15天达到0.62μmol/g（VS）。15-18d是腐熟蓝藻适宜的中温厌氧发酵时间,少于以新鲜蓝藻为基质的厌氧消化时间。蓝藻腐熟过程促进了厌氧反应,腐熟7 d的蓝藻厌氧系统具有更高的微生物活性和产甲烷能力。     

离子交换法选择性回收污泥厌氧消化液中的磷

为探讨高效选择性回收污泥厌氧消化液中磷的离子交换方法,采用静态实验和动态实验研究了4种阴离子交换树脂（D213、D202、D301和DSQ）的磷回收性能,筛选了适合富磷污泥厌氧消化液选择性磷回收的高交换容量树脂。实验结果表明,D213、D202、D301和DSQ 4种树脂对正磷浓度为70 mg/L的厌氧消化液进行动态处理时,其最大穿透体积分别为3、7、17和90 BV;DSQ树脂磷交换容量远高于其他3种树脂,达到6 860 mg P/L湿树脂,是目前报道的高磷交换容量树脂的3~4倍;DSQ树脂能有效地抵抗厌氧消化液中有机质和硫酸根等阴离子的干扰;用NaOH溶液再生DSQ树脂并回收磷,磷洗脱率超过96%,洗脱液是高浓度含磷液,可作为磷矿石的优质替代品。研究表明,DSQ树脂是一种高效选择性分离磷的树脂,适用于污泥厌氧消化液的磷回收。     

昆明市污水排水系统产甲烷规律的模拟实验研究

通过对昆明市餐饮和居民生活污水厌氧模拟实验研究,初步探讨生活污水中CH4的产生规律,实验结果表明,在自然条件下,餐饮和居民生活污水中产生的甲烷浓度最大值分别为1.63 mg/L和3.82 mg/L。并且将COD、硫酸盐、硫化物、TN的浓度变化与甲烷浓度变化进行Pearson简单相关性分析,结果表明,1/COD、COD/硫酸盐和1/TN与甲烷在置信度为0.01时极显著相关,硫化物与甲烷在置信度为0.05时不相关;COD、硫酸盐和TN浓度的变化对生活污水中甲烷的产生起关键性作用。对居民生活污水中甲烷产生规律进行温度和pH控制分析研究,实验结果表明,生活污水在25~30℃时,24 h内甲烷产生量最大值为8.6494 mg/L,明显大于其他温度段的甲烷产生量;在pH为7~8之间时,甲烷的产生量在24 h内达到的最大值为3.0477 mg/L,明显高于其他pH控制段的甲烷产生量。     

深型地下土壤渗滤系统中氮的去除途径

为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径,本次实验采用直径30cm,高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统;柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm／d的条件下,取得了较好的脱氮效果;氨氮去除率为99．80％;TN去除率为83．68％。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现,在1．30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大,同时总氮浓度也在不断降低,约有30．55％在此区域被去除;通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1．30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径,在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。     

季节性城市生活垃圾成分分析及厌氧消化特性研究

城市生活垃圾的成分及特性随着季节和人类在不同季节的生活习惯而变化,针对我国北方城市研究了一年中不同季节的城市生活垃圾成分特点,对影响厌氧发酵过程的相关成分如总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、蛋白质、脂肪和还原糖等进行了测定分析。通过厌氧消化实验,测得不同季节城市生活垃圾pH值、日产气量、沼气甲烷含量、甲烷累积量、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和氧化还原电位（ORP）等参数的变化规律,分析相应变化的影响因素。结果表明,二、三季度的含水率分别为64．81％和67．50％,高于一、四季度,一季度发酵原料中蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为12．56％和8．86％,明显高于其他3个季度。一季度甲烷累积量最高,达到17616mL,单位发酵原料的产气量为204．8mL／g,也是4个季度中最高的,说明蛋白质、脂肪等有机成分含量对厌氧发酵过程及结果影响比较明显。为进一步的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化制取生物燃气的工艺条件提供依据。     

Relationships between anaerobic consortia and removal efficiencies in an UASB reactor degrading 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP)

To gain more insight into the interactions between anaerobic bacteria and reactor performances (chemical oxygen demand-COD, 2,4 dichlorophenol-2,4 DCP removals, volatile fatty acid-VFA, and methane gas productions) and how they depended on operational conditions the microbial variations in the anaerobic granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating 2,4 DCP was studied. The study was composed of two parts. In the first part, the numbers of methanogens and acedogens in the anaerobic granular sludge were counted at different COD removal efficiencies. The relationships between the numbers of methanogens, the methane gas production and VFA production were investigated. The COD removal efficiencies increased to 74% from 30% while the number of total acedogens decreased to 10 from 30 cfu ml(-1). The number of total methanogens and acedogens varied between 11 x 10(3) and 10 x 10(9)MPN g(-1) and 10 and 30 cfu ml(-1) as the 2,4 DCP removal efficiencies were obtained between 60% and 99%, respectively. It was seen that, as the number of total acedogens decreased, the COD removal efficiencies increased. However, the number of total methanogens increased as the COD removal efficiencies increased. Correlations between the bacterial number and with the removal efficiencies obtained in different operational conditions were investigated. From the results presented in this paper a high correlation between the number of bacteria, COD removals, methane gas percentage, 2,4 DCP removals and VFA was observed. In the second part, methanogen bacteria in the anaerobic granular sludge were identified. Microbial observations and biochemical tests were applied to identify the anaerobic microorganisms from the anaerobic granular sludge. In the reactor treating 2,4 DCP, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei were identified.