Environmental monitoring of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in water and soil samples after solid phase microextraction using PVC/MWCNTs nanocomposite fiber

A novel nanocomposite based on incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was prepared. Proposed nanocomposite was coated on stainless steel wire by deep coating. Composition of nanocomposite was optimized based on results of morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy. The best composition (83% MWCNTs:17% PVC) was applied as a solid phase microextraction fiber. Complex mixture of aromatic (BTEX) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₅–C₃₄) were selected as model analytes, and performance of proposed fiber in extraction of the studied compounds from water and soil samples was evaluated. Analytical merits of the method for water samples (LODs = 0.10–1.10 ng L⁻¹, r² = 0.9940–0.9994) and for soil samples (LODs = 0.10–0.77 ng kg⁻¹, r² = 0.9946–0.9994) showed excellent characteristics of it in ultra trace determination of petroleum type environmental pollutants. Finally, the method was used for determination of target analytes in river water, industrial effluent and soil samples.     

炭纤维载体固定床厌氧发酵启动运行效果实验

以开发高效率、抗冲击性能强的高浓度有机废水沼气发酵技术为目的,用传统的 UASB反应器作为对照,研究了以炭纤维为生物膜载体的固定床厌氧反应器的启动运行效果。反应器进口废水 COD 为 5 000 mg/L, 水力停留时间 (HRT) 由213 h 逐步缩短为35 h,进水有机容积负荷(OLR)由0.56 kg COD/ (m³·d)提到3.45 kg COD/(m³·d)。结果表明,固定床反应器厌氧发酵的效率比对照高,出水 pH 值也比对照稳定;运行到第 50 d 时,固定床厌氧反应器和对照的 COD去除率分别由第 7 d 的36.56%和33.58%上升到87.9%和62.6%;固定床厌氧反应器的容积比产气率最高为1.16 m³/(m³·d),累计产气量为415.59 L,而对照的容积比产气率最高值仅为0.31 m³ /(m³·d),累计产气量为 71.66 L,前者最高容积比产气率和累计产气量分别是后者的3.74倍和5.78倍。固定床厌氧反应器的启动速度、COD 去除率和产甲烷效率显著地高于对照反应器。     

二段生物接触氧化工艺在中水回用中的特性研究

以规模小区生活污水为水源,对采用聚丙烯网状填料和强化炉渣组合填料的二段生物接触氧化工艺（以下简称二段法）进行了试验研究,试验针对本工艺的各项技术指标、影响因素以及各相关参数进行了较系统的试验测试。结果表明,反应器在第一接触氧池HRT为20 min、气水比为6∶1和第二接触氧池HRT为25 min、气水比为5∶1条件下,接触氧化池达到最佳降碳条件;反应器在第一接触沉池上升流速5.5 m/h和第二接触沉池上升流速4.5 m/h条件下,接触沉淀池达到最佳处理条件。     

Integrated measures for preservation, restoration and improvement of the environmental conditions of the Lagoon Olho d'Água basin

The Lagoon Olho d'Água in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants.     

麦草畏除草剂厌氧降解可生化性测定

苯环由¹⁴C标记合成的麦草畏除草剂,厌氧降解反应至第7天,转化率达64%,有¹⁴C标记的CO₂产生;第16天,转化率达91%,出现一种主要的中间代谢产物,有CH₄产生;第27天,转化率达95%,仍然只有一种主要的中间代谢产物.麦草畏苯环的断裂量仅占总量的2.96%,转化成CO₂的为0.74%,转化成CH₄的为0.11%.在降解27d中,主要中间代谢产物是3,6-二氯水杨酸,占麦草畏总量的92.04%.3,6-二氯水杨酸的苯环没有被打开,可生化性极低,仍然继续污染环境研究结果为控制麦草畏对人体健康危害,进行生物修复工程,提供了重要的参考依据.     

厌氧-好氧驯化活性污泥生物合成PHA的研究

厌氧-好氧处理有机污水的活性污泥中含有大量菌胶团菌,其形成与菌体胞内聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的积累有关,因此有可能利用污水中有机物和活性污泥中多种微生物合成PHA。笔者利用纺织工业废水厌氧-好氧驯化活性污泥,从中提取PHA。分别研究了厌氧过程和好氧过程中供氧量、碳源调节物浓度、培养时间等对菌胶团菌生长和胞内PHA积累的影响,测定了所得PHA的分子量、熔点和单体链节组成。      

厌氧折流板反应器处理有毒废水及其污泥特性的研究

在１６．２Ｌ厌氧折流板反应器中，处理以葡萄糖为共基质的含五氯酚钠（ＰＣＰ－Ｎａ）有毒废水，进水ＣＯＤ为１１００－１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＨＲＴ为１d。结果表明，ＡＢＲ 对有毒物负荷变化的适应能力强，当进水ＰＣＰ－Ｎa小于８ｍｇ／Ｌ时，出水ＣＯＤ在８０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＰＣＰ－Ｎa在０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，运行稳定。在有毒物低于抑制浓度 下反应器内参形成颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥表面为发酵产酸菌，内部为产甲烷菌，自身形成良好     

微波消解-ICP-OES联合测AZ61镁合金中Zn、Mn、Al的不确定度分析

目的研究AZ61镁合金中合金元素成分分析过程中的不确定度因素,以提高分析结果的准确性。方法采用微波消解仪消解样品,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定AZ61镁合金中锌、锰、铝元素的含量。分析测试过程中产生不确定度的因素,并且进行评定和计算。结果采用微波消解-ICP-OES法测定镁合金中锌、锰、铝元素的含量时,测量不确定度主要由样品溶液稀释、移液枪、标准曲线以及测试的重复性引起,AZ61镁合金主要的合金成分为锌(1.1270%±0.0433%)、锰(0.1797%±0.0064%);铝(6.4468%±0.2029%)。结论对分析过程中产生的不确定度因素进行分析及评定,可以确保分析结果的可靠性以及准确性,从而更好地控制镁合金的性能,提高镁合金的装备环境适应性。     

温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.     

四溴双酚A厌氧共代谢降解性能研究

基于厌氧共代谢原理构建反应器,分析厌氧共代谢强化四溴双酚A（TBBPA）的转化机理.研究发现,当TBBPA浓度为75μg/L时,TOC和TBBPA去除率都达到最高,分别为88.6%和81.7%;当TBBPA浓度为25μg/L时,生物半衰期最低,为21.97h.根据检测到的中间代谢单环产物3,4-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯和TBBPA代谢途径分析可推测TBBPA在厌氧共代谢体系中实现了深度降解,且固氮弧菌属和毛球菌属对TBBPA的厌氧生物降解起到了主要作用.