Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

Surfactant dissolution and mobilization of LNAPL contaminants in aquifers

Improper disposal, accidental spills and leaks of non-aqueousphase liquids (NAPL) such as gasoline, fuel oil and creosote result in long-term persistent sources of groundwater pollution.Column and 2-D tanks experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of surfactant-enhanced recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) in groundwater aquifers. These experiments focused on the use of surfactants to promote dissolution and mobilization in addition to evaluating the increase of aqueous phase permeability as residual NAPL is recovered. Further experiments are presented that show the innovative use of surfactants during primary pumping to recover free product canpotentially increase the amount of free product recovered, canpotentially reduce the amount of residual NAPL remaining afterprimary pumping and performs better than the use of surfactantsto mobilize trapped residual NAPL.     

北京工业废水和城市污水中有机氯农药残留分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)测定水体中有机氯农药的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市七类典型污染点源50个采样点位有机氯农药的浓度,检测到的有机氯农药包括γ-六六六、β-六六六、4,4’-滴滴涕、α-六六六、δ-六六六、硫丹Ⅰ、4,4’-滴滴伊、艾氏剂和异狄氏剂,它们的检出率分别为90%、60%、50%、46%、26%、8%、6%、2%和2%。主要有机氯农药污染残留为γ-六六六、β-六六六和4,4’-滴滴涕。检出有机氯农药浓度范围是0.20~76.40ng/L。方法对有机氯农药的回收率达到60.93%~141.50%,方法检测限为0.27~2.90ng/L。     

流动注射微波在线消解分光光度法测定水中总磷

利用微波在线消解水样,将流动注射分析技术与分光光度法检测相结合,建立一种在线测定水中总磷的快速分析方法。通过对实验条件的优化,分析速率达36个/小时,检出限0.015mg/L,线性范围为0~2.0mg/L,对0.634mg/L总磷标准溶液测定11次的相对标准偏差为1.0%。应用于环境水样的测定,结果令人满意。     

高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的再研究

用＂自控式高压蒸汽消解器＂作为高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的消化装置，详细研究了消化条件，最后确定，消化体系中（１／６）Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７浓度为０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度为１０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，催化剂Ａｇ＋浓度为０．０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，消化温度为１３０℃，恒温时间为２０ｍｉｎ。用此方法和条件测定了１２种单纯有机化合物和１６种不同工业废水的化学需氧量，与标准回流法相比，相对误差在－５．５－６．０％之间。     

新型厌氧反应器处理生活污水的研究进展

新型高速厌氧反应器的发生使生活污水的厌氧处理成功可能，介绍了几种厌氧反应器的特点及其在生活污水处理中的研究现状。     

广西来宾栖霞组缺氧沉积环境地球化学特征

地层的岩石地球化学特征是判断其形成环境氧化还原条件的重要手段之一。本文对广西来宾铁桥剖面栖霞组中层纹状灰岩和含泥质灰岩进行地球化学分析 ,结合栖霞组沉积学和古生态学特征 ,对栖霞组沉积环境进行了探讨。岩石微量元素含量、黄铁矿矿化程度 (DOP值 )、痕量元素V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V +Ni)等比值的研究结果显示 ,研究区具有缺氧沉积成因的地球化学特征。     

COD测定中加热装置的改进

采用HBA—100型标准消解器代替GB11914—89标准分析方法中的加热回流冷凝装置进行化学需氧量测定,具有精确、重现性好、操作简单等特点,能节能,减低电力负荷,提高效率。     

棉浆粕蒸煮黑液处理工程实践

棉浆行业碱法蒸煮黑液是当前废水治理中的难题之一。本文介绍采用酸析气浮 +A O法 +混凝工艺处理棉浆黑液的工程实例。工程运行结果表明 :该工艺对CODCr和色度的去除率可达 98%以上 ,出水水质达到排放标准 ,并且处理效果稳定     

废水厌氧(水解)--好氧生物组合处理工艺研究进展

比较了厌氧(水解)法和好氧法废水生物处理技术的优缺点，分析了厌氧(水解)—好氧组合工艺的主要优势；并根据组合工艺在空间和时间上的4种不同实现形式，总结了近年来国内外组合工艺的应用现状和发展趋势。