黄河河口地区生态供水效益分析

流域生态需水是指流域生态系统为维持一定程度的生态系统健康所需要一定质量的水量,以保证流域生态系统结构和生态功能等为目标,实现流域生态系统健康。流域生态需水量的研究对于社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。论文针对南水北调西线一期工程的供水规划,在提出配水效益计算方法的基础上,针对不同的配水量,计算了黄河河口地区的生态需水量、生态效益以及供水对减少断流所带来的生态效益,并进行了方案比较分析。主要结论是:当来水量分别为55×10⁸、122.8×10⁸或240×10⁸m³时,产生的湿地综合生态效益则为34.85×10⁸、47.18×10⁸或54.72×10⁸元。     

甲基丙烯基醛和甲基乙烯基酮水相臭氧化反应

利用实验室模拟的方法研究了甲基丙烯基醛(MAC)和甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)在大气水相中的臭氧化反应,测定了250℃±0.1℃温度和1.0×10⁵Pa空气压力条件下生成过氧化物和二次羰基物的种类和产率.结果表明,MAC水相臭氧化生成2种羰基物(甲醛和丙酮醛)和2种过氧化物,即过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH₂OOH ,HMHP) ,它们的产率(%)分别为49.9±2.9、26.6±3.9、4.6±0.4和10.0±0.8;同MAC类似,MVK水相臭氧化也生成甲醛、丙酮醛、H₂O₂和HMHP ,它们的产率(%)分别为40.8±2.2、40.7±35、6.8±0.5和10.4±0.8.对MAC和MVK水相臭氧化反应机理进行了推测,解释了各产物的生成.     

MDAT-IAT同步脱氮除磷工艺活性污泥在不同基质中的厌氧释磷特性研究

对改进型MDATIAT(ModifiedDemandedAerationTankIntermittentAerationTank)同步脱氮除磷工艺中活性污泥在不同基质下的厌氧释磷特性进行了研究.在葡萄糖、甲酸钠、乙酸钠和丙酸钠4种单一基质中,活性污泥厌氧释磷量分别为1.58、3.55、3.04和1.86mg·L-1;释磷速率分别达到0.02、0.05、0.15和0.10mg·L-1·min-1.另外,在葡萄糖、甲酸钠、乙酸钠和丙酸钠组成的混合基质中的活性污泥厌氧释磷试验结果表明,混合基质中活性污泥释磷量和释磷速率均大于4种单一基质中的释磷量和释磷速率,分别达到8.51mg·L-1和0.31mg·L-1·min-1.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域水资源及水文循环二元分化研究

根据已有的分布式水文循环模型及水文监测资料统计分析得出,玛纳斯河流域绿洲引用水对2000m以上的山地暂无影响,但人工绿洲却在平原区水资源再生循环竞争中居于优势地位,人工补给已占总补给量的73.5%,人工开采已占总排泄量的41.78%,平原区水循环发生了以人工水循环为主导的二元分化。人工绿洲、天然绿洲、过渡带和荒漠间生态统一性出现无序化趋势,人工绿洲水分垂向循环加强,蒸发下渗量加大,而天然绿洲及过渡带水平方向径流通量减少,可利用生态水量大幅减少,造成绿洲-荒漠生态呈现出对抗趋势。     

二级UASB厌氧工艺在制药废水中的应用

抗菌素制药污水复杂,其CODCr高达39000mgL,硫酸盐的浓度在6500mgL左右,常规工艺很难处理,山东某制药厂采用了二级厌氧工艺处理此类废水,取得了良好的处理效果和经济效益。     

运行负荷对酶制剂废水厌氧颗粒污泥形成的影响

通过逐步提高污泥负荷和一步提高污泥负荷2种方法,研究了UASB反应器中运行负荷对酶制剂废水厌氧颗粒污泥形成的影响．结果表明,逐步提高污泥负荷,有利于颗粒污泥的形成．对酶制剂废水厌氧处理而言,在一定程度上,脱氢酶活性的变化可以反映出处理体系中微生物活性的变化,辅酶F420含量变化可定性地判断污泥的产甲烷活性．同时,还从运行良好的反应器中分离到1株优势产甲烷细菌M3菌,依据其形态和生理生化特征,将该菌鉴定为甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera sp．)．     

厌氧折流板反应器处理生活污水的运行特性

以厌氧消化污泥作为厌氧折流板反应器ABR的接种污泥,研究恒温(35℃)条件下ABR处理生活污水的启动和运行特性。实验结果表明,ABR反应器仅用了39 d就完成初次启动,COD去除率一直稳定在60%左右。在以后运行的5个阶段里,即当水力停留时间为4~10 h,容积负荷为1.17~2.9 kg COD/m3.d,反应器对COD的平均去除率基本稳定在70.49%~80.2%;并且当HRT=7 h,VRL=1.612 kg COD/m3.d时,反应器对COD的去除率平均高达80.2%,平均COD出水低于100 mg/L。在实验过程中(除启动阶段外),反应器出水碱度均远远大于进水碱度,VFA均在1.5 mmol/L以下。     

Anaerobic co-digestion of swine and poultry manure with municipal sewage sludge

The anaerobic digestion of municipal sewage sludge (SS) with swine manure (SM) and poultry manure (PM) was undertaken. It was found that a mixture of sewage sludge with a 30% addition of swine manure gave around 400 dm³/kgVS of biogas, whereas the maximal biogas yield from ternary mixture (SS:SM:PM = 70:20:10 by weight) was only 336 dm³/kgVS. An inhibition of methanogenesis by free ammonia was observed in poultry manure experiments. The anaerobic digestion was inefficient in pathogen inactivation as the reduction in the number of E. coli an Enterobacteriaceae was only by one logarithmic unit. A substantial portion of pathogens was also released into the supernatant.     

Heavy metals in source-separated compost and digestates

The production of compost and digestate from source-separated organic residues is well established in Europe. However, these products may be a source of pollutants when applied to soils. In order to assess this issue, composts, solid and liquid digestates from Switzerland were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) addressing factors which may influence the concentration levels: the treatment process, the composition, origin, particle size and impurity content of input materials, the season of input materials collection or the degree of organic matter degradation.Composts (n = 81) showed mean contents being at 60% or less of the legal threshold values. Solid digestates (n = 20) had 20–50% lower values for Cd, Co, Pb and Zn but similar values for Cr, Cu and Ni. Liquid digestates (n = 5) exhibited mean concentrations which were approximately twice the values measured in compost for most elements. Statistical analyses did not reveal clear relationships between influencing factors and heavy metal contents. This suggests that the contamination was rather driven by factors not addressed in the present study.According to mass balance calculations related to Switzerland, the annual loads to agricultural soils resulting from the application of compost and digestates ranged between 2% (Cd) and 22% (Pb) of total heavy metal loads. At regional scale, composts and digestates are therefore minor sources of pollution compared to manure (Co, Cu, Ni, Zn), mineral fertilizer (Cd, Cr) and aerial deposition (Pb). However, for individual fields, fertilization with compost or digestates results in higher heavy metal loads than application of equivalent nutrient inputs through manure or mineral fertilizer.     

Composting,anaerobic digestion and biochar production in Ghana. Environmental–economic assessment in the context of voluntary carbon markets

In some areas of Sub-Saharan Africa appropriate organic waste management technology could address development issues such as soil degradation, unemployment and energy scarcity, while at the same time reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. This paper investigates the role that carbon markets could have in facilitating the implementation of composting, anaerobic digestion and biochar production, in the city of Tamale, in the North of Ghana. Through a life cycle assessment of implementation scenarios for low-tech, small scale variants of the above mentioned three technologies, the potential contribution they could give to climate change mitigation was assessed. Furthermore an economic assessment was carried out to study their viability and the impact thereon of accessing carbon markets. It was found that substantial climate benefits can be achieved by avoiding landfilling of organic waste, producing electricity and substituting the use of chemical fertilizer. Biochar production could result in a net carbon sequestration. These technologies were however found not to be economically viable without external subsidies, and access to carbon markets at the considered carbon price of 7 EUR/ton of carbon would not change the situation significantly. Carbon markets could help the realization of the considered composting and anaerobic digestion systems only if the carbon price will rise above 75–84 EUR/t of carbon (respectively for anaerobic digestion and composting). Biochar production could achieve large climate benefits and, if approved as a land based climate mitigation mechanism in carbon markets, it would become economically viable at the lower carbon price of 30 EUR/t of carbon.