中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响——以呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯城市群地区为例

理解中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响对提高干燥地人类福祉和实现区域可持续发展具有重要的意义。为此,论文以正在经历快速城市化的呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯（呼包鄂）地区为例,从区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上揭示了该地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。首先,量化了呼包鄂地区1990年的生境质量、粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量4种关键生态系统服务。然后,分析了1990—2013年呼包鄂地区的城市扩展过程。最后,在区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上评价了呼包鄂地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。结果显示,1990—2013年,呼包鄂地区经历了快速的城市扩展过程,城市用地面积从314.22 km²增加到692.10 km²,增长了1.2倍。区域城市扩展过程导致4种生态系统服务均明显下降。其中,粮食生产服务损失最严重,损失量达1.36×10⁴ t,约占1990年全区粮食生产总量的1%。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展对生态系统服务的影响最明显。1990—2013年,边缘型城市扩展导致的粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量损失量占区域城市扩展过程中各项服务损失总量的比例均超过60%,飞地型城市扩展造成的肉类生产服务损失量大于区域城市扩展过程中该服务损失总量的1/3。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展过程导致的耕地和草地大量减少是造成生态系统服务快速下降的主要原因。因此,建议在呼包鄂地区的城市化进程中应提高城市用地利用率,控制边缘型和飞地型城市扩展,以减少城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。     

武汉集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属的时空分布特征及生态风险评价

研究了武汉市19个集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的时空分布特征,采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数分析重金属污染程度,利用潜在生态风险指数评价重金属生态风险,通过相关性和聚类分析重金属的来源.结果表明,武汉市中心城区水源地土壤重金属的含量普遍高于远城区,同时长江干流附近的水源地土壤重金属含量普遍高于长江支流.Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的单项潜在生态风险指数平均值均小于40,属于轻微风险程度.Cd的单项潜在生态风险指数平均值在80~160范围内,属于强度风险程度.武汉集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为142.12,属于轻微风险水平.相关性分析表明,武汉集中式水源地土壤重金属Cu、Pb和Cr来源相似,均与交通有关;Ni、As、Cr和Cu来源相似,均与冶金生产有关;Zn、Hg和Cr来源相似,均与防腐和催化化工有关.武汉白沙洲水厂和堤角水厂周边土壤长期定点监测表明,2017年后武汉集中式水源地土壤各种重金属含量均呈现显著下降趋势,其生态风险在未来将进一步降低.     

基于RS和GIS的西藏察雅县土壤侵蚀动态监测与分析

西藏土壤侵蚀类型多样,且以水力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀为主,其动态监测属于难点问题。研究基于水力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀各自的基本特点,综合运用TM影像、土地利用图、地形图(DEM)和植被覆盖度图,构建了基于RS和GIS的藏东横断山区土壤侵蚀分类分级动态监测方法,并借助ENVI和ArcGIS软件,分析了察雅县1995年到2000年的土壤侵蚀动态变化情况。结果表明:察雅县土壤侵蚀以微度、轻度和中度侵蚀为主,其中冻融侵蚀主要分布在西部的高山峡谷区,所占比重为2.06%;在人类的土地开发活动和温度、降水变化等自然因素的综合作用下,察雅县土壤侵蚀加剧,东部大面积的轻度侵蚀区转化为中度侵蚀区。     

乙醇在地下水硝酸盐原位去除中的可利用性

由于地下水中溶解氧的约束与电子供体的缺乏,地下水硝酸盐污染的原位修复十分困难。论文通过实验室微元体、砂柱和含水砂槽实验研究,发现:乙醇作为电子供体,容易被普遍存在的反硝化菌利用,同时导致硝酸盐被快速去除,且没有亚硝酸盐积累;含水介质中的溶解氧对该过程影响是短暂的,有限的溶解氧被率先利用后,硝酸盐去除速率明显加快;乙醇不会被含水介质吸附,迁移能力强,其羽状体中溶解氧与硝酸盐通常是低浓度的,甚至是缺失的。用乙醇作为电子供体,促进地下水硝酸盐原位修复,投注简便,不要外来微生物接种,具有很强的可利用潜力。     

武汉月湖水体主要元素与浮游植物的PCA与CCA分析

通过2007年1—12月对武汉月湖不同的取样点进行监测,并选择汉江琴台段水域作为研究对照,调查了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体主要元素的种类,采用PCA、CCA分析法探讨了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体元素种类的关系。结果表明：月湖水体中所含元素全年监测出28种;汉江琴台段水域中所含元素全年监测出27种。经PCA分析表明,月湖水体中累计贡献率较大为磷（P）、砷（As）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）;汉江琴台段水域累计贡献率较大为硅（Si）、锑（Sb）、镉（cd）、钒（V）、钡（Ba）、Ag（银）、钼（Mo）。月湖水体中蓝藻密度大于硅藻,汉江琴台段水域硅藻密度大于蓝藻。经CCA分析表明,月湖硅藻密度与硒（Se）、锶（sr）、银（Ag）、Ba、铝（A1）呈正相关关系;月湖蓝藻密度与P、Cu、铬（Cr）呈正相关关系,月湖蓝藻密度与镁（Mg）、镍（Ni）、钙（ca）、锌（zn）、硫（S）呈负相关关系。CCA分析中,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与铅（Pb）、硼（B）、As、Cr、Zn、A1、Cu、Mn、Fe、P呈负相关关系,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与Mo、ca、钴（Co）、V、Sr、Ag呈正相关关系;汉江琴台段蓝藻密度与钠（Na）、S、Mg、Ni、钾（K）呈负相关关系。月湖水体缺乏可溶硅（dissolvedsilicon,DSi）,硅藻会提升对其他元素（Se、Sr、Ag、Ba、A1）的吸收能力,这些元素会起到缺乏元素（si）近似的作用,替代性可能出现。水中各种元素的组态是导致月湖浮游植物群落发生演变的重要原因之一。     

The in situ treatment of TCE and PFAS in groundwater within a silty sand aquifer

Chlorinated ethenes such as trichloroethene (TCE), cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐1,2‐DCE), and vinyl chloride along with per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified as chemicals of concern in groundwater; with many of the compounds being confirmed as being carcinogens or suspected carcinogens. While there are a variety of demonstrated in‐situ technologies for the treatment of chlorinated ethenes, there are limited technologies available to treat PFAS in groundwater. At a former industrial site shallow groundwater was impacted with TCE, cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride at concentrations up to 985, 258, and 54 µg/L, respectively. The groundwater also contained maximum concentrations of the following PFAS: 12,800 ng/L of perfluoropentanoic acid, 3,240 ng/L of perfluorohexanoic acid, 795 ng/L of perfluorobutanoic acid, 950 ng/L of perfluorooctanoic acid, and 2,140 ng/L of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Using a combination of adsorption, biotic, and abiotic degradation in situ remedial approaches, the chemicals of concern were targeted for removal from the groundwater with adsorption being utilized for PFAS whereas adsorption, chemical reduction, and anaerobic biodegradation were used for the chlorinated ethenes. Sampling of the groundwater over a 24‐month period indicated that the detected PFAS were treated to either their detection, or below the analytical detection limit over the monitoring period. Postinjection results for TCE, cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride indicated that the concentrations of the three compounds decreased by an order of magnitude within 4 months of injection, with TCE decreasing to below the analytical detection limit over the 24‐month monitoring period. Cis‐1,2‐DCE, and vinyl chloride concentrations decreased by over 99% within 8 months of injections, remaining at or below these concentrations during the 24‐month monitoring period. Analyses of Dehalococcoides, ethene, and acetylene over time suggest that microbiological and reductive dechlorination were occurring in conjunction with adsorption to attenuate the chlorinated ethenes and PFAS within the aquifer. Analysis of soil cores collected pre‐ and post‐injection, indicated that the distribution of the colloidal activated carbon was influenced by small scale heterogeneities within the aquifer. However, all aquifer samples collected within the targeted injection zone contained total organic carbon at concentrations at least one order of magnitude greater than the preinjection total organic carbon concentrations.     

Adaptation in situ or retreat? A multivariate approach to explore the factors that guide the peoples' preference against the impacts of sea level rise in coastal Bangladesh

This paper is aimed to identify the factors that influence peoples' preference for adaptation against the impacts of sea level rise (SLR). A total of 285 respondents from three coastal villages in Bangladesh are randomly interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. First, employing the principal component analysis various factors that influence adaptation preferences of people are identified. These factors are related to “demographic and social aspects”, “wealth and economic standing”, “past coping and adaptive behaviour”, “climate knowledge and information” and “spatial aspect” of life. What is common in these factors is their ability to influence peoples' vulnerability. Finally, the binomial logistic regression model is employed to compute the explanatory power of these factors to predict the respondents' preference for adaptation in situ over retreat or vice versa. Model findings are robust for two scenarios of SLR, i.e. 2050–2075 (LR χ ²?=?133.65, pseudo-R ²?=?0.53, p?<?0.001) and 2080–2100 (LR χ ²?=?282.61, pseudo-R ²?=?0.85, p?<?0.001). Therefore, it is concluded that to avoid relocation of substantial number of people initiative for encouraging adaptation in situ must be taken along side establishment of safe shelter, community radio service and campaign for raising climate awareness.     

土壤二维蒸气抽排去污效果的影响研究

土壤蒸气抽排是一种经济、高效、安全并已被广泛应用的污染场址现场修复技术,它能经济高效地去除非饱和带土壤中的挥发性有机污染物。以土壤和油污染物为例,进行了土壤二维抽排模拟实验,研究了气体抽排流量对去污效果的影响,通过实验可知:在增加气体抽排流量的情况下,抽排气中挥发性较强的有机物质正戊烷(C5h12)浓度下降的很快,最终保存在较低的浓度水平。挥发性一般的正辛烷(C8h18)和挥发性较弱的正癸烷(C10h22)经过长时间的抽排后,污染物也得到了降低,但是最终保持在比较高的浓度水平。得出增加气体抽排流量可以使污染物去除速率大幅度提高,从而缩短了净化时间,获得很好的去污效果。同时对二维抽排模拟实验和一维抽排模拟实验结果做了比较。     

化学除磷条件下蚯蚓生态滤池污泥性质的试验研究

概述了蚯蚓生态滤池的研究进展,介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的工艺流程和设备参数;由试验得出氯化铁（FeCl3·6H2O）是蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的合适药剂,并确定最经济投加量为50mg／L;在此条件下,研究了化学除磷小试滤池产生的污泥性质,包括污泥产率的变化、重金属含量、污泥的脱水性能、污泥的稳定化程度以及污泥的最终处置方法。     

Trans-ocean wireless transfer of electricity from continent to continent

The author offers collections from his previous research of the revolutionary new ideas: wireless transfer of electric energy to a long distance – from one continent to another continent through the Earth's ionosphere and the storage of the electric energy in the ionosphere. Earlier he also suggested the use of electronic tubes as the method for transportation of electricity into outer space and the 100-km electrostatic space towers for connection to the Earth's ionosphere. Earlier a connection to the Earth's ionosphere using 100-km solid or inflatable towers was suggested. however, the technology faces difficulties. In this work, connection to the Earth's ionosphere by thin plastic tubes supported in the atmosphere by electron gas and electrostatic force is researched. Building this system is cheap and easy using the current technology. The computation allows estimating the possibility of the suggested method.