铁负载污泥炭的表征及其促进PAM调理高级厌氧消化污泥的效能研究

本研究首先分析了铁负载污泥炭的物理化学性质,评估了铁负载污泥炭与有机高分子（聚丙烯酰胺,PAM）联合调理改善高级厌氧消化污泥脱水性的效能,研究了联合调理过程中污泥絮体特性与胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特征.结果表明,单独投加污泥炭可以通过铁的电中和作用降低污泥颗粒间的静电排斥力,同时充当骨架材料改善污泥的脱水性能.此外,铁负载污泥炭可以有效去除污泥体系中大分子溶解性有机物,从而改善污泥的过滤性能.污泥炭和有机絮凝剂在污泥调理过程中表现出明显的协同作用,污泥碳和PAM的最佳投加量分别为250 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）和8 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）.激光共聚焦显微镜分析表明,PAM主要与污泥絮体中的蛋白质分子作用,从而促使污泥颗粒凝聚.     

基于案例推理的我国石油企业海外突发事件应急物资需求预测

随着我国石油企业海外业务不断发展,海外突发事件频发,对我国石油企业应急管理提出了更高的要求,作为应急管理重要组成部分的应急物资需求管理也成为关注的重点.但是海外环境的复杂性、不确定性等使得企业很难预测应急物资需求,为此将案例推理引入到石油企业海外突发事件应急物资需求预测中,通过建立案例库,以在发生新的突发事件时,检索案例库中与目标案例相匹配的案例,并依据匹配案例的结论,进行新案例的物资需求预测.     

黏结剂对污泥基颗粒炭性能的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,可溶淀粉、羧甲基纤维素、硅酸钠和硫酸钙为黏结剂,采用两步炭化法制备污泥基颗粒炭,探讨了黏结剂种类对样品性能的影响.结果显示:可溶淀粉样品(SSGAC-T)具有最大的比表面积和孔容,SSGAC-T、羧甲基纤维素样品(SSGAC-C)和硅酸钠样品(SSGAC-Si)含有丰富的微孔和中孔,硫酸钙样品(SSGAC-S)为典型的中孔吸附剂;样品的抗压强度均随浸泡时间的延长而降低,但SSGAC-S的抗压强度下降程度最小;4种黏结剂都使样品表面生成新的官能团,且样品的表面均呈酸性,它们的pHPZC分别为6.37、6.16、5.85和5.53;相同条件下,SSGAC-S对亚甲基蓝的饱和吸附量最高,为71.94mg/g;根据对污泥炭的表征,初步推测硅酸钠和硫酸钙能与碳发生化学反应.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

近地面大气污染模拟模型的建立与应用研究

针对以往把整个混合层作为大气扩散研究对象的问题,研究了近地面大气污染带概念,建立了大气污染模拟模型。又考虑到目前大气污染模型仅注重研究铅直面上的二维扩散变化,而较少研究平面二维扩散问题,运用有限差分方法建立了近地面大气污染带的平面二维数值模型。通过应用证实,该大气污染模拟模型能够真实反映近地面大气中污染物的扩散趋势及空间分布特征,对城市大气环境污染预测和防治具有实际意义。     

Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(Ⅴ) from Fe rich soil

This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic （As） from an iron （Fe） rich soil. Natural association of As（Ⅴ） with Fe（Ⅲ） makes the process difficult. Soapnut solution was compared to anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） in down-flow and a newly introduced suction mode for soil column washing. It was observed that soapnut attained up to 86% efficiency with respect to SDS in removing As. Full factorial design of experiment revealed a very good fit of data. The suction mode generated up to 83 kPa pressure inside column whilst down-flow mode generated a much higher pressure of 214 kPa, thus making the suction mode more efficient. Micellar solubilisation was found to be responsible for As desorption from the soil and it followed 1st order kinetics. Desorption rate coefficient of suction mode was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.01, much higher than down-flow mode values. Analysis of the PT-IR data suggested that the soapnut solution did not interact chemically with As, offering an option for reusing the surfactant. Soapnut can be considered as a soil washing agent for removing As even from soil with high Fe content.     

中、英、美污染场地风险评估导则异同与启示

近年来,随着国家"退二进三"旧城改造政策的实施,全国几乎所有的大中城市正面临着大批多种污染行业企业的关闭和搬迁,这些搬迁企业遗留场地都存在着不同程度的环境与健康风险.开展定量评估人体健康与生态环境风险是建立我国工业污染场地管理体系不可缺少的技术手段,也是适合我国国情并走向可持续性(绿色)土壤与地下水修复及综合环境管理的...     

Aqueous stability and mobility of C60 complexed by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant

Surfactant complexation may have significant effects on the environmental behavior of nano-particles.In order to understand the ecological exposure of nano-materials,it is important to determine the stability and mobility of surfactant-complexed nano-materials in aqueous systems.In this study,the aggregation and transport of C_(60) complexed by the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)were investigated.It was found that SDBS-complexed C-_(60) had aζ-potential of-49.5 m V under near-neutral p H conditions and remained stable during an aging period of 15 days.It had a critical coagulation concentration of 550 mmol/L for Na Cl,which was higher than common natural colloids and many kinds of raw nano-materials,and was comparable to those of many kinds of surface-modified nano-materials.SDBS enhanced the stability of C_(60) colloid;however,at the same time,it also enhanced the colloidal particle aggregation rate.Much higher mobility was found for SDBS-complexed C_(60) than C_(60) colloid.Increase in ionic strength,Ca~(2+) concentration or Al~(3+) concentration decreased the mobility.In general,SDBS-complexed C_(60) had high stability and mobility.     

某钼矿尾矿库地下水污染的随机模拟

为分析参数不确定性对地下水污染数值模拟模型输出结果的影响,以某钼矿尾矿库地下水污染问题作为研究实例,选取钼离子作为模拟因子,建立该钼矿尾矿库地下水污染数值模拟模型,对输出结果进行不确定性分析.为降低替代模型的维数,运用灵敏度分析法筛选出对模拟模型输出结果影响较大的2个参数作为模型中的随机参数.为减少反复调用数值模拟模型产生的计算负荷,分别运用克里格方法和支持向量机法建立模拟模型的替代模型,并比较二者的精度,选择精度较高的替代模型完成蒙特卡罗随机模拟.最后,对随机模拟的输出结果进行统计分析与区间估计,对地下水污染超标的风险进行评价.结果表明：置信度为80%时,井1,2,3浓度值的置信区间分别为0.71~2.29,0.28~1.02,1.55~3.25mg/L.此外,结合《地下水质量标准》以及污染物浓度分布函数曲线,井1,2,3中水质达到地下水质量标准Ⅴ类的概率分别为99.7%,97.1%,99.6%.本研究可为地下水污染防治提供更科学、全面的参考依据.     

家具板材排放VOCs成分谱及排放因子研究

随着目前人们对室内空气质量要求的不断提高,家具板材作为影响室内空气质量的VOCs（挥发性有机物）排放源,也逐渐受到重视.采用500 L静态箱,使用PTR-TOF-MS（质子转移反应-飞行时间质谱）对市售六类家具板材排放的VOCs进行测定,分别进行排放速率与排放平衡试验得到板材的排放特征与排放成分谱,并估算其排放因子.结果表明:①集成材、胶合板、细木工板、刨花板、密度板、实木地板8 h排放的ρ（TVOC）（TVOC为总挥发性有机物,total volatile organic compound）平均值分别为0.76、0.39、0.42、0.68、0.17、0.23 mg/m3,各类板材主要排放物种分别为甲苯、甲醛、甲醛、正壬烷、甲醇、甲醛,其质量浓度平均值分别为0.23、0.23、0.13、0.35、0.04、0.06 mg/m3.②排放平衡试验中焕城胶合板、吉林松木集成材、凯越密度板及时代刨花板TVOC的排放因子分别为3.63、10.63、0.51、2.07 g/m3.③板材排放VOCs成分谱中,焕城胶合板主要排放物种为丙烷、乙烷、甲醛、甲醇,其排放占比分别为18.57%、4.73%、19.74%、17.83%;吉林松木集成材主要排放物种为甲苯,其排放占比为43.27%;凯越密度板主要排放物种为乙烷与甲醛,其排放占比分别为26.44%、19.42%;时代刨花板主要排放物种为甲醛与甲醇,其排放占比分别为40.16%、31.55%.研究显示,各类板材VOCs排放特征、排放成分谱及排放因子均存在较大差异,部分板材VOCs排放量较大,需加强行业标准的规范化.