Life Cycle Assessment on a Bus Body Component Based on Hemp Fiber and PTP<Superscript>®</Superscript>

The application of renewable raw materials in the automotive sector became more and more interesting in the last years. For the first time, a material system based on natural fibers and PTP^®, a vegetable based thermoset resin, was produced and manufactured into a bus body component by Sheet-Moulding-Compound-technology. The Life Cycle Assessment on this component based on renewable raw materials shows advantages especially in the categories fossil resources and global warming. It can be expected that further concepts of development and optimization lead to a more efficient use of materials and so to an additional reduction of environmental impacts.     

A Conceptual Analysis of the Application of Tradable Permits to Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract: Tradable permits have been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments that successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party, thus allowing a market to emerge. Nevertheless, the application of tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. There may be various trade‐offs between the ecological requirements that destroyed and restored habitats be as similar as possible, and the need for a certain level of market activity to have a functioning trading system. The success of tradable permits as an instrument for reconciling the conflicts between economic development and conservation depends on the existence of certain economic, institutional, and ecological preconditions, for example, a functioning institutional framework, sufficient expert knowledge, and adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.     

卫星遥感监测海南地区对流层CO2浓度时空变化特征

为了探索海南地区对流层CO₂浓度[以φ(CO₂)计]时空变化特征,采用2002年9月—2012年2月AIRS反演的对流层中层CO₂产品,利用北半球全球本底站瓦里关站和飞机观测φ(CO₂)对该产品进行验证,结合统计分析方法对海南地区φ(CO₂)的月、季、年平均值的时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:AIRS反演φ(CO₂)与地基和不同纬度带海洋上空飞机观测数据对比均具有很好的一致性,并且与飞机观测验证偏差更小,二者相关系数均在0.9以上,总体月均值偏差小于2×10-6;全国φ(CO₂)呈现北高南低的分布规律,并且存在较为明显的分界线,形成4个高值中心(塔克拉玛干沙漠、塔里木盆地、内蒙古西部和东北平原)和2个低值中心(青藏高原西南部和云南地区),海南地区平均φ(CO₂)为382.67×10-6,略高于云南低值中心的381.45×10-6;全国φ(CO₂)呈现明显逐年增加趋势,其年均增长速率为2.16×10-6,而海南地区亦呈现显著增加趋势,年均增长速率为2.11×10-6,低于全国水平;φ(CO₂)呈季节性波动特性,全国φ(CO₂)最高值出现在春季,而海南地区为夏季,最低值均出现在秋季;海南地区西部海域、陆地和东部海域上空φ(CO₂)年增长速率分别为2.09×10-6、2.14×10-6和2.11×10-6,表明海南陆地上空增速略大于海洋地区,西部和东部海域上空增长速率基本保持一致.      

基于二维水动力水质模拟下水环境容量的求解研究

由于受到适用条件有限、计算烦琐等方面的限制,目前许多水环境容量计算方法难以得到广泛应用,采用了影响系数法,在二维水动力水质模拟的基础上,以下边界上最大浓度点为控制点,计算区域的水环境容量,并对长江仪征工业用水区的水环境容量进行了计算,得出该河段环境容量为17 969.2t/a.该方法计算简单,且综合考虑了控制点的浓度,污染源位置,河流水文,水力学特性等多种因素,是一种非常有效且值得推广的计算方法,可为该区域水资源保护规划提供依据.     

成都市西部南河水环境容量研究

根据成都市西部南河的水文、水质资料和沿岸排污情况,以水质敏感点(某企业取水口)为节点,对河流进行计算单元划分,采用河流二维水质模型,计算对比不同典型年(偏丰年、平水年、偏枯年)水文条件下南河的COD和NH3-N的环境容量,并对计算结果进行分析,从而计算得到不同典型年各计算单元的污染物入河削减量,尤其是提出偏枯年条件下针对南河实际的排污总量控制建议,以达到南河的水质目标要求.     

基于RBI的碳五石油树脂装置风险评估分析

从技术特点、实施效用等方面,对QRA与RBI两类风险评估技术进行比较,选择使用RBI技术方法对碳五石油树脂装置内静设备及管道实施风险评估。运用挪威船级社的ORBIT Onshore软件定量计算评估范围内设备、管道风险值,评定风险等级,辨识隐患设备,然后从后果、可能性两方面分析产生风险的主要影响因素,经分析得知碳五石油树脂装置受H2S、HCl腐蚀减薄影响轻微,但NaOH导致的碱应力腐蚀对聚合反应后序工段中部分管道设备失效可能性影响较大。最后根据装置内存在的不同损伤机理提出检验优化策略,为装置定期检验工作提供科学的决策支持。     

Connected fragmented habitats facilitate stable coexistence dynamics

In this paper we endeavor to test the controversial ideas that exist about the role of fragmentation in a conservation context. In line with earlier understanding, we find that habitat fragmentation alone results in a strong detrimental effect (especially for the predator population). Connecting the fragmented habitats facilitates predator survival and hence prey survival as compared to the unconnected fragmented case. Our main result is counterintuitive: in the presence of a high quality predator, connected fragmented habitats ensure a better chance for coexistence than does even the unfragmented case. We explain why a connected fragmented habitat might thus be beneficial for the stabilization of the system, and how connections between sub-habitats are able to protect prey population from over-exploitation. In the model, habitat fragmentation is separated from the effects of habitat destruction, in order to better understand how populations react to habitat transformation.     

Plant Uptake of Trace Metal Oxoions From Two Contrasting Acid Soils

Uptake of arsenic, molybdenum, uranium and vanadium by species of natural vegetation (Agrostis capillaris, Betula pendula, Calluna vulgaris, and Deschampsia flexuosa) on two contrasting, highly acid soils (pH of soil solution 4.2-4.3), differing in natural abundance of these elements, was compared. the soil developed from alum shale was rich in these elements, the soil from a gneiss moraine was poor in these elements. Leaf/ above ground biomass concentrations were positively related to soil concentrations of the elements, but least closely for uranium, and vanadium tended to be excluded by the plants, compared to arsenic, and especially to molybdenum. the relationships between soil and plant concentrations were broadly similar whether nitric acid-digestible or the much lower DTPA extractable soil fractions were considered. Leaf concentrations of plants from the shale and the gneiss soil, respectively, ranged 1.41-2.76 and 0.30-0.58 nmolg^-1 dry weight for arsenic, 14-140 and 0.5-9.6 for molybdenum, 0.031-0.069 and 0.013-0.030 for uranium, 2.3-6.4 and 0.75-3.3 for vanadium.     

OVERCOMING THE NATION'S BEST LANDSCAPED SEWER: RECREATORS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Once referred to as America's “best landscaped sewer,” the Connecticut has undergone a dramatic transformation in the last three decades. During this time, a number of public agencies and private organizations have worked diligently to implement policies and measures aimed at improving the river's quality. Ample data collected over the years indicate that the actual water quality conditions of the Connecticut River, as measured by empirical parameters, have improved. However, prior to this study, no data existed regarding the public's perceptions of these changes. This paper will address this issue by presenting the results of a multiyear survey designed to assess the public's perceptions regarding the Connecticut's current quality, and its suitability in supporting various recreational activities. The results suggest that the majority of individuals perceive the Connecticut's water quality to be high enough to support a wide range of recreational activities including those involving physical contact with the water. Additionally, this research concludes that the vast majority of individuals who have recreated on the river for 20 years or more do perceive a significant improvement in the river's overall quality. Thus, it appears that policies and actions taken to improve the Connecticut's quality have been successful in the public's eye.