上海世博规划区交通干道污染物对流扩散研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,对不同来流风速大小、风向条件下的上海世博规划区内四条主要交通干道上的交通污染物对流扩散进行了三维数值仿真。获得了不同工况下交通污染物浓度的空间分布。通过数值仿真结果分析,探明了交通干道上的机动车尾气排放对世博规划区内空气质量的影响(各工况下世博规划区内的CO最大浓度为0.25～0.59mg/m3;东南、东北和南风向下规划区内的NO2最大浓度分别为0.037mg/m3、0.03mg/m3和0.03mg/m3,而北风和西风下规划区建筑群内NO2最大浓度分别为0.068mg/m3和0.12mg/m)3,并揭示出应该重视靠近交通干道的建筑物附近的空气质量改善,特别是要重视靠近卢浦大桥两侧的建筑群周围空气质量改善(卢浦大桥两侧的建筑群周围NO2最大浓度已稍大于《环境空气质量标准》规定的一级标准浓度限值)。     

一种土壤氡浓度测量方法的改进

通过对CDI-2000土壤测氡仪的排气方式和测量周期的分析,建立了新的测量方法。既充分利用了CDI-2000自动换片、自动抽气的优点,又在不影响测量精度的情况下提高了工作效率,节约了工作成本。     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

广州市移动源现状及其污染控制管理对策

通过对广州市机动车辆构成状况和发展趋势、车流变化与氮氧化物变化关系以及各类车型污染排放分担率的分析,结果表明:在排放污染物的移动源中,小型车(出租车及其他小型车)和摩托车是一氧化碳、碳氢化合物的主要排放源;公共汽车等大型车是氮氧化物的主要排放源之一。并提出对广州市机动车污染控制应着重控制摩托车、小型车(特别是轿车,包括出租车)、公共汽车的污染排放。      

贵金属-稀土复合型催化剂的制备与性能研究

制备了净化车辆尾气的贵金属稀土复合型催化剂,对该催化剂进行了活性测试和结构表征.利用所制备的催化剂在摩托车上进行了性能研究.实验结果表明,采用催化剂后,可使车辆排放达到欧洲Ⅱ号标准,表明所研制的催化剂具有较好的应用价值.     

Experimental investigation into the oxidation reactivity, morphology and graphitization of soot particles from diesel/n-octanol mixtures

Aiming to investigate the impacts of n-octanol addition on the oxidation reactivity, morphology and graphitization of diesel exhaust particles, soot samples were collected from a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine fueled with D100（neat diesel fuel）, DO15（85% diesel and 15% n-octanol, V/V） and DO30（70% diesel and 30% n-octanol, V/V）. All tests were conducted at two engine speeds of 1370 and 2150 r/min under a fixed torque of 125 N ·m. The soot properties were characterized by thermogravimet...     

Mutagenicity of diesel engine exhaust in the Ames / Salmonella assay using a direct exposure method

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mutagenic activity of diesel engine exhaust in the Ames/Salmonella assay using a direct aerosol exposure system. So, TA 98 and TA 100 strains, with or without added S9 mix, were exposed to diesel emissions after varying degrees of filtration. Variants of these two strains, deficient in nitroreductase (TA 98NR and TA 100NR) or over-expressing O-Acetyl Transferase (YG 1024 and YG 1029), were also exposed to total (unfiltered) diesel exhaust to highlight the putative mutagenicity of any nitro-PAHs present in these emissions. Mutagenic activity of the diesel exhaust was demonstrated on Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA 100 and variants TA 100 NR and YG1029. The use of a particle filter did not modify the genotoxicity of the diesel emissions, indicating a major contribution of the gas phase to the mutagenicity of these diesel emissions. The prominent role of the particulate-associated nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) claimed by some authors working on diesel exhaust organic extracts was not confirmed by our results with native diesel exhaust exposure. Our results show that the gas phase is potentially more mutagenic than the particles alone.     

MESIP∗: Modelling environmental scenarios in ponds

MESIP is a fugacity model which can predict the fate of organic hydrophobic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper a short introduction to the mathematical model is presented together with a more detailed listing of the required input data. Comparison of the calculated and measured fate of a fluorescent whitening compound in an artificial outdoor pond is shown     

Particulate and semivolatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbon exhaust emission from heavy duty diesel vehicles

The exhaust emissions from two heavy duty diesel vehicles running on eight different fuel compositions were investigated regarding their content of high molecular weight (≥ C₁₂) aliphatic/ olefinic hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the emitted amount of semi‐volatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (range C₁₂‐C₂₂) depend on the fuel used in the engines and that these emissions mainly consisted of uncombusted fuel components. It was also found that uncombusted engine lubrication oil was the main constituent of the emitted particulate associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₇‐C₄₀). These constituted between 58% and 95% of the total emissions of the high molecular weight aliphatic compounds. Emission factors for the total of high molecular aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₂‐C₄₀) were demonstrated to be in the range of 15–100 mg/km. Some individual aliphatic hydrocarbons with cocarcinogenic effects were identified and quantified in both particulate and semi‐volatile phases of the exhaust. Multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the relationship between fuel parameters and emission of semi‐volatile aliphatic emission.     

冶金行业环境污染物的特征与监测技术综述

冶金行业是国民经济重要的基础原材料工业,在其制造体系中大量的物质、产品流、废弃物、能量转换过程、多形式的排放过程都对环境造成不同层次和程度上的影响。针对不同工艺产生的污染物特征及主要污染物的种类,综述了环境监测运用的各类监测技术、监测方法,为环境管理、污染源控制、环境规划等提供科学依据。