Not All Animals are Equal Differences In Moral Foundations For The Dutch Veterinary Policy On Livestock and Animals In Nature Reservations

The Netherlands is a small country with many people and much livestock. As a result, animals in nature reservations are often living near cattle farms. Therefore, people from the agricultural practices are afraid that wild animals will infect domestic livestock with diseases like Swine Fever and Foot and Mouth Disease. To protect agriculture (considered as an important economic practice), very strict regulations have been made for minimizing this risk. In this way, the practice of animal farming has been dominating the practices of nature management completely. If, for instance, Foot and Mouth Disease strikes an agricultural area, all wild pigs and cattle living in the nearby nature reservations have to be killed, whether infected or not. This dominant position of one practice over the other has now become problematic. While the morality of the practice of nature management seems to be very different from the morality of agriculture and agriculture has become less important from an economic point of view, the public as well as those involved in nature management no longer seem to accept the dominant position of agriculture. Besides a literature study, we performed a field study with in-depth interviews with experts from both practices to analyze the dynamics of the internal moralities of both practices in the previous century, in order to clarify the contemporary situation. The conclusion was that the traditionally strong position of agriculture is not only weakening; it also appears that the internal values of agriculture are changing. The experts from both sides agreed that, in case of a disease outbreak, it is neither ethically justified nor necessary (because of the estimated low risk of disease transfer) to destroy the animals in nature reservations as a routine preventive measure. This is a major shift in morality.     

Environmental Issues in Brackish Water Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka

Shrimp exports are one of Sri Lanka's major foreign exchange earners and account for 40%–50% of total aquaculture exports. There has been a recent and rapid expansion of the industry in the Northwestern Province (NWP) of Sri Lanka but the industry has suffered from disease outbreaks and environmental problems. Currently, shrimp farms cover nearly 3000 ha of the coastal area of the NWP. The environmental impacts of shrimp cultivation in general are well known and numerous research studies have been done. However, little work has been carried out in Sri Lanka. This study provides some necessary background to brackish water shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. It focuses briefly on the development of shrimp aquaculture and the current status of the industry. Emphasis is placed on two broader aspects—impacts on the existing wetland ecosystem and on the environment. These impacts are presumed to be the main causes hindering the growth of the industry and raising widespread public protest. Current ecosystem and environmental management practices are discussed. Finally, strategic issues for management and sustainable growth are discussed.     

数据采集器几例典型故障的处理

本文介绍了DSC-2型和DSC-2A型公用数据采集器的几例典型故障的现象和处理方法,并结合台站 的实际工作经验进行说明,对台站工作人员使用该类数据采集器具有一定的参考意义。     

我国近年来桥梁事故发生的原因与教训

回顾1998—2006年我国桥梁事故发生的典型案例,从设计、施工、营运管理、水文地质和自然灾害等方面分析事故发生的原因;归纳和总结了事故带来的教训:认识的错位是引发桥梁事故的思想根源,法制的缺陷是造成桥梁事故的重要因素,科学规范的违背是酿成桥梁事故的主要根源、历史的欠账是发生桥梁事故的先天隐患、腐败的黑洞是导致桥梁事故的罪魁祸首。从培训教育、严格科技规范、健全法规制度、保障资金投入、加强维护等方面提出预防桥梁事故发生的对策,得出一切桥梁事故都是可以预防的结论。     

遥感和GIS在森林病虫害监测管理中的应用模式

介绍了遥感技术,地理信息系统技术在森林病虫害监测管理中的应用模式,以及整个系统的集成。在整个系统中遥感用于获取森林病虫害信息,地理信息系统用于管理和处理森林病虫害信息。同时,也说明了全球定位系统可用于定位采集地面数据和导路。     

华北平原典型剖面地下水三氮污染时空分布特征

华北平原地下水氮元素污染的时空分布特征鲜有报道,本文结合华北平原水文地质条件,从山前平原至中部平原选取两个剖面,四次采集地下水样品并测定三氮含量,调查评价典型剖面上三氮污染状况并深入分析其时空分布特征。结果表明:华北平原典型剖面上地下水的三氮中超标最为严重的是氨氮;三氮总量整体上随时间呈上升趋势;硝态氮、氨氮、亚硝态氮含量的空间分布不尽相同,前两者在山前平原的含量高于中部平原;第三者则呈相反趋势;从垂直方向上看,三氮含量随地下水埋深增加而减小。在不同的水井类型中,灌溉井和监测井中三氮的含量普遍较高,而在饮用水井中氨氮污染相对严重,会对人类健康造成一定风险。     

典型材料屋面积尘重金属形态分布与风险评估

以华南地区4种典型材料屋面(瓷砖、混凝土、金属和沥青)为研究对象,采用改进式BCR连续提取法对其屋面积尘中10种重金属(Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sr和Zn)进行形态分析与风险评估.结果表明,屋面积尘重金属平均含量明显高于道路积尘.形态分析表明,Zn的酸溶态比例明显高于其他重金属,Pb和Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余重金属均以残渣态为主;屋面积尘重金属可移动态比例表现为PbZnCuMnCoSrSbNiBaCr,其中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Co可移动态比例均超过50%.环境风险评估发现,污染指数(Cf)与风险评价编码指数(RAC)最大值均为Zn,其生态风险较高.健康风险评估表明,屋面积尘重金属对成人与儿童非致癌风险均表现为:PbCrSbZnMnCuBaNiCoSr,其对成人非致癌风险均小于安全限值,不构成威胁,但Pb对儿童的非致癌风险高于安全限值,形成威胁;屋面积尘中Cr、Co和Ni低于致癌风险阈值,对人体无致癌风险.     

上海城郊地区冬季霾污染事件反应性VOCs物种特征

基于大学城站点冬季霾污染时段在线气相色谱连续观测数据,分析了高污染时段VOCs污染特征和不同霾污染情况下VOCs光化学反应活性物种.观测期间共检测到55种VOCs物种(PAMs),735个有效样本,ΣVOCs体积分数范围在25.5×10~(-9)~1 320.3×10~(-9)(avg±SD,240×10~(-9)±181×10~(-9))之间.甲苯和间/对-二甲苯是两个高污染时段的特征污染物,其体积分数超过工业区边界站的体积分数,且高污染时段与工业区站点有相似的组分特征,可能受到附近工业区影响较大.VOCs组分小时变化呈现夜间高白天低的特点,臭氧的小时体积分数变化与之相反.通过分析污染物的光化学反应活性,芳香烃对OFP的贡献率最高,达到70.0%,其次是烯炔烃(16.7%).西北风向的OFP值为2 078.2×10~(-9),是其他风向的4倍,平均MIR值也高于本市其他工业区点位;该地区不同程度霾污染下芳烃均是OFP贡献的主导污染物,其中,甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的贡献率之和超过50%.应用PMF5.0对污染物进行来源解析,得到4个因子,分别为含汽油污染源及机动车尾气排放、石油炼制加工、溶剂使用、有机合成材料制造;其贡献率分别为:33.1%、31.5%、30.5%、4.9%.     

富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展

根据国外最新文献,综述了富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展情况,这些进展主要包括:(1)对珊瑚生长及其共生虫黄藻的影响(如对珊瑚钙化作用、组织生长、虫黄藻的密度及其光合作用等的影响);(2)对珊瑚繁殖和补充的影响(包括对珊瑚的生育、受精、胚胎和幼虫的发展及其幼虫的附着等的影响);(3)对珊瑚疾病的影响(如对白化现象、疾病的易感性和病菌的适应性等的影响);(4)对珊瑚礁生态系统群落结构演替的影响(如刺激造礁藻的生长或者促进珊瑚礁不常见的营养性藻类变成优势种)。同时指出了一些该领域未来研究的重点,包括(1)珊瑚共生系对富营养化的长期性响应机制;(2)结合同位素技术和叶绿素荧光技术研究外部富营养化对珊瑚共生系碳、氮循环的影响;(3)富营养化对珊瑚繁殖和补充不同阶段的影响机制;(4)加强珊瑚病毒细菌的种类、结构研究,从基因这个微观的角度来研究富营养化对珊瑚疾病的影响机制;(5)富营养化与草食动物对珊瑚礁群落结构产生的耦合效应研究;(6)指示珊瑚礁生态系统富营养化的生物化学指标研究等。     

垃圾分类中环境意识与环境行为的相关性探究——北京市居民垃圾分类现状及环保意识的调查

公民的环境意识与环境行为之间的关系在理论和实证研究中一直都被大量的探讨。生活垃圾污染作为一项典型的环境问题被政府和社会各界广泛关注,随着垃圾分类试点工作的开展,居民作为污染治理的第一环节直接参与到垃圾分类的环境行动中。因此本论文将以生活垃圾分类为研究背景,采用典型相关分析和逐步回归,研究北京市居民在垃圾分类中的环境意识和环境行为的相关性。分析表明垃圾分类标准了解程度与垃圾分类投放和废品回收相关性较高,明显影响了这两种行为的实施程度,环保体验明显影响了居民的垃圾分类投放行为。总体来说,对垃圾分类标准的了解程度和垃圾分类的必要性体验越高,居民的垃圾分类环境行为表现越好。