低强度超声波强化SBR处理生活污水

通过设置超声波(ultrasound,US)的SBR反应器(sequence batch reactor,SBR)与对照反应器的对比试验,研究了超声波对SBR处理生活污水的强化效果.结果表明,采用强度0.3 W·cm^-2的超声波,每隔8h取SBR反应器中10%的污泥进行10min辐射处理,对COD的总去除率提高3%～6%,其出水COD与对照反应器的出水相比降低了40%～53%,通过该辐射处理有效提高了SBR反应器对模拟生活污水的高负荷冲击和有毒物质冲击的耐受能力.对于实际生活污水,设置超声强化使污泥耗氧呼吸速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)增加14%左右,有效提高了微生物对难降解有机物质的分解能力.对污泥沉降性能的研究表明,超声波强化会引起污泥的SVI值升高,但升高的幅度仅为5%左右,不会对系统的沉降性能造成显著影响.根据电镜观测以及种群结构分析发现,超声波对细胞产生了损伤作用,其表面出现了明显的皱褶,但是活性污泥种群结构并未发生显著变化.通过对2个反应器中活性污泥的呼吸动力学分析表明,设置US反应器中活性污泥对底物具有更高的利用率.     

低强度超声波与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞的影响

在能量密度为0.05W·mL-1和pH范围3.0～12.0条件下,研究了超声波辐射与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞效果的影响.结果表明,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、溶解性磷(SP)和溶解性糖(SA)含量随pH增大均呈先降后升趋势.当pH为3.0时,污泥溶胞效果不高,随污泥溶液碱性增强,SCOD、SP和SA含量随pH呈指数增长,说明强碱性环境有利于污泥溶胞.超声波辐射可显著提高污泥溶胞率,而且pH越大超声波辐射改善的溶胞效率越高.pH=11.0时超声波辐射60min以内,SCOD、SP和SA含量与时间均呈线性关系,超声波/碱协同污泥溶胞为一级反应.pH大于9.0的碱性条件下,超声波辐射和提高pH均可降低VSS/TSS.依据实验数据,应用非线性优化技术得到SCOD与pH和超声波辐射时间的数学模型,其平均相对误差小于2.6%.     

低强度超声波改善污泥活性

采用城市污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥为试验材料,以好氧呼吸速率(OxygenUptakeRate,OUR)为指标,研究活性污泥在超声波强度0～1.2W/cm²、辐照时间0～40min处理后活性的变化.发现当采用超声波强度0.3W/cm²,辐照时间10min,对提高污泥活性的效果最为显著,不适当的处理时间与处理强度则不利于污泥活性的提高.因此,利用超声波激励污泥活性存在最佳的超声波强度和辐照持续时间.另外,研究了强度0.3W/cm²,辐照时间10min超声波辐射处理后0～48h中污泥活性的变化规律,发现超声辐照8h后污泥活性达到最大值,为辐射处理后初始活性的2倍,24h后超声波的强化作用基本消失.因此,可采用强度0.3W/cm²超声波每隔8h取反应器中的部分活性污泥辐照10min后再返回反应器,来提高生物反应器的处理效率.本文还对低强度的超声波改善污泥活性的可能机制进行了假说性解释.     

First-trimester screening for Down syndrome; the role of nasal bone assessment in the Korean population

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nasal bone assessment in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome (DS) in the Korean population. Methods From July 2004 to March 2006, we prospectively evaluated the fetal nasal bones at 11–14 weeks' gestation in the Korean population. Results A successful evaluation was possible in 6490 of 6787 fetuses (95.6%). Absent, hypoechoic, and short nasal bones were seen in 4 (26.7%), 4 (26.7%), and 1 (6.7%) of 15 fetuses with DS, respectively, whereas in 5 (0.1%), 11 (0.2%), and 246 (3.8%) of 6456 normal fetuses. The incidence of absent and hypoechoic nasal bone showed significant differences between normal fetuses and fetuses with DS (P < 0.0005, both). Screening for DS using an absent or hypoechoic nasal bone resulted in a sensitivity of 53.3%, a specificity of 99.8%, a positive likelihood ratio of 215.2, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.5. Conclusion Our study showed that nasal bone abnormality at 11–14 weeks of gestation had a high association with DS in the Korean population. This suggests that nasal bone assessment can be used to supplement the current first-trimester screening for DS in the Korean population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fetus in fetu—from prenatal ultrasound and MRI diagnosis to postnatal confirmation

We report a case of fetus in fetu presented as a complex intra-abdominal heterogeneous cystic lesion during ultrasound examination of the fetus at 25 weeks of gestation. Progressive growth of this mass was noted in the prenatal period. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging provided additional information to aid in the prenatal diagnosis. This allows proper counselling for the parents and helps to plan the postnatal management. Surgical excision was carried out in the early neonatal period and the diagnosis of fetus in fetu was confirmed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The prognostic factors in the prenatal diagnosis of the echogenic fetal lung

The prenatal diagnosis of an echogenic fetal lung (EFL) is now often made in the early second trimester using high-resolution ultrasound. This ultrasound appearance is usually caused by a congenital cystic adenomatoid lung malformation (CCAM), an intrapulmonary lung sequestration or obstruction of a major airway. In order to provide prognostic guidelines to parents who may be considering termination of a fetus with these findings, we have analysed a series of 11 cases diagnosed in our centre over the past 2 years in conjunction with 60 cases from major published series. The data suggest that in the absence of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) or other anomalies, the outcome for the fetuses is excellent, with over 90 per cent survival. Neither early diagnosis (24 weeks) nor the presence of mediastinal shift is a poor prognostic indicator. In addition, it appears that if NIHF is absent at diagnosis, the chance that it will develop as the pregnancy continues is small (6 per cent). Furthermore, there is a significant (up to 30 per cent) chance that this ultrasound finding will resolve in utero. The development of in utero fetal surgical techniques may be the only hope for those hydropic fetuses who appear to have a dismal prognosis.     

Cleft palate: Confirmation of prenatal diagnosis by colour Doppler ultrasound

We present a case of a twin with trisomy 47,XX+i(9p) in whom the diagnosis of cleft palate was confirmed by colour Doppler imaging demonstrating abnormal fluid flow across the fetal pharyngeal bone defect. Application of this technique in cases predisposed for this congenital lesion may prove beneficial in the diagnosis of the more subtle types of isolated cleft palate.     

Prenatal sonographic signs of possible fetal genital anomalies

The sonographic markers of female and male external genitalia have been documented in early and late gestation. The aim of the present study was to report our experience of possible sonographic markers of fetal genital anomalies. Sonography was performed with a vaginal probe in early gestation and an abdominal sector scanner in advanced gestation. The following genital anomalies were observed: hypospadias, epispadias, ambiguous genitalia, and testicular feminization or Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. It is therefore concluded that prenatal diagnosis of some genital anomalies is now possible.     

超声波技术在环境保护领域中的应用

当前超声波技术在环境保护领域的应用和研究状况,着重介绍了超声波技术在污水处理、固体废弃物处理、气体净化处理等方面的应用,讨论了应用中存在的问题,并展望了超声波技术在环境保护领域的应用前景。