回用水紫外线消毒

在污水的深度处理工艺中,紫外线消毒具有很多优点,如不向水中投加化学剂,停留时间短,运行管理安全等.本文在研究紫外线静态试验中,紫外线投量与细菌存活率之间的关系,可作为紫外线消毒器的设计依据.基于静态实验的结果,在规模为2.5m~3/h的消毒器中进行了动态实验.实验结果表明,消毒后出水中细菌总数<100个/mL,满足回用要求.     

土壤和水体中PCP—Na残留的紫外线光度分析

待测样经蒸馏、乙醚萃取、氢氧化钠反萃取后,常见干扰物质均可以除去,PCP-Na溶液在波长320nm处有最大的吸收峰,其它酚类物质在该波长处不干扰测定。本法操作简便、快速、准确、经济,稳定性好。本法测定PCP-Na的回收率,在水中为100.74％,在土壤中为91.45％。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WIND VELOCITY AND UNDERWATER IRRADIANCE IN A SHALLOW LAKE (LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA, USA)1

ABSTRACT: Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K₀) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K₀ was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K₀. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K₀ were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K₀ varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K₀ never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K₀ exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K₀. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena.     

Analysing the influence of visualisations in global environmental governance

Visualisations can highly contribute to the importance and authority of new ideas, concepts, and knowledge claims. Among the many visualisations, few become well-known and influential in environmental governance. Whilst these have been objects of specific research, this study questions what constitutes and underpins their influence. For this, the paper codifies influential visualisations and defines criteria for studying their visual characteristics. The criteria are applied to two case studies, the “traffic light” and the “planetary boundaries” diagrams. To increase the validity of the findings, the study also introduces two “failure cases” as a plausibility check.     

紫外线消毒技术的发展及应用分析

介绍了紫外消毒技术的发展及其与传统加氯消毒的对比分析,并提及紫外线消毒在工程设计中应注意的几个问题,对紫外消毒技术的应用前景作了一个简单的预测。     

Formation characteristics of PCDD and PCDF during pyrolysis processes

In recent years, pyrolysis processes have become technologies developed to industrial scale and discussed as alternatives to the existing waste combustion technology. However, little information is published regarding PCDD/F formation characteristics during pyrolysis processes. Two common shredder fractions – industrial light shredder (ILS) and refrigerators (REF) – both with high chlorine and copper content were pyrolysed for this pyrolysis study using a pilot plant with a capacity of 100 kg/h. At oxygen concentrations below 2% and temperatures between 430°C and 470°C, considerable amounts of PCDD/F were formed during the pyrolysis. More than 90% of total TEQ was found in the oil fraction (gas phase). The PCDD/PCDF ratio and the homologue pattern differed significantly from those formed during waste incineration. Considering mono- to octachlorinated congeners, up to 400 times more PCDF were formed compared to PCDD. For the investigated pyrolysis conditions, the formation of low chlorinated congeners was highly favoured. The distribution of TEQ within the individual congeners were very similar in all investigated runs. More than 80% of total TEQ stem from 2,3,7,8-substituted T₄CDF and P₅CDF. The isomer pattern, however, did not show significant differences compared to the common waste incineration pattern suggesting that the basic formation routes are similar.     

南京城区夏秋季能见度与PM2.5化学成分的关系

为研究南京细颗粒物PM2.5化学成分与能见度的关系,于2011年8月4~17日和2011年10月31日~11月11日在南京城区采集PM2.5样品并分析其化学成分,同时对能见度、PM2.5、相对湿度等进行了同步观测.结果表明:南京城区夏季采样期间的能见度高于秋季,分别约为10.9km、7.5km,低能见度天PM2.5质量浓度较高,能见度与PM2.5的相关系数为-0.75.水溶性离子和总碳分别占PM2.5质量浓度的38%和26%,其中与能见度相关性较显著的是NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC.总消光系数的主要贡献者是颗粒物,达98.2%.8月首要消光组分是硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4,占47.0%,有机碳OC和硝酸铵NH4NO3分别占19.2%和14.3%;而11月是NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4和OC,分别占29.3%、28.7%、26.8%.对不同相对湿度下的能见度和PM2.5化学成分进行拟合.进一步根据WRF/Chem细颗粒物化学成分模拟结果,分别利用拟合关系式和美国IMPROVE关系式,对2011年8月和11月能见度进行计算,与观测对比发现,利用本文拟合关系式计算的能见度结果优于IMPROVE关系式.     

UV/H_2O_2对土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化效果的初步研究

为了减弱As迁移能力,降低其毒性,将土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),使其更容易被固定。通过人工模拟的受砷污染土壤研究了自然光、紫外线、H2O2、自然光+H2O2和紫外线+H2O2对As(Ⅲ)的氧化效果。结果表明:5个组合均能氧化As(Ⅲ),紫外线+H2O2组合氧化效果最好,在此基础上通过正交试验确定该组合对As(Ⅲ)氧化的最优操作条件。UVC波段的紫外线氧化效果最好;光照强度12 W、光照时间为6 h时,氧化效果较好,继续增加光照强度和光照时间氧化效果没有明显提高;H2O2投加量为20 m L/kg时氧化效果最好,且继续增加投加量,氧化效果仍能改善。     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

污染源区结构特征对Tween 80去除DNAPL效果的影响

选择四氯乙烯（PCE）作为特征污染物,通过二维砂箱实验探究3种介质情景中,污染源区结构特征对Tween 80冲洗去除PCE的影响.采用透射光法监测PCE的运移及去除过程,定量测定PCE的饱和度.进而采用不连续的离散状与连续的池状PCE体积比（GTP）定量表征污染源区结构特征.结果表明,PCE在含透镜体介质中运移时,运移路径延长,离散状PCE增多.离散状PCE与Tween 80溶液的有效接触面积较大,被优先溶解去除,而细砂层上部的污染池的比表面积和接触面积较小,溶解能力有限,远比运移路径上的PCE难以去除.此外,初始离散状PCE较多,GTP较大,有利于池状PCE溶解转变为离散状PCE,PCE去除率增大.因此对于实际污染场地,需要详细分析DNAPLs污染源区结构特征,以助于评估表面活性剂冲洗技术的修复效率及试剂消耗.