2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶的波谱学数据与结构分析

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶是重要的农药中间体.以3-甲基吡啶为原料通过光氯化反应合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,经分离后得到纯度为99.5%的产品.利用红外(IR)、紫外(UV)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)等实验技术研究了其波谱学特征,详细讨论了该化合物的1HNMR、13CNMR谱,并对所有1HNMR、13CNMR谱的信号进行了归属.讨论了红外吸收特征峰对应官能团的振动形式,样品的官能团与目标化合物一致.该方法为此类化合物的结构解析提供了有益的分析依据.     

大学生使用电脑及受其电磁辐射污染状况的调查

为了解目前高校内大学生拥有个人电脑的情况,以及大学生对其所产生电磁辐射污染的了解程度和受其危害程度,在南开大学本部选取有代表性的学生宿舍楼进行问卷调查.结果显示,大学生中个人电脑的普及率为45.7%,以电磁辐射强度相对大的阴极射线管(Cathod RayTube,CRT)显示器电脑为主,占64.9%;拥有个人电脑的大学生,平均每日使用电脑的时间长;学生使用电脑后出现不良症状(眼疼、头晕等)的比例高,为77.4%,女生对电磁辐射的敏感程度高于男生;随每日使用电脑时间的延长,出现不良症状的人数增加;大学生对电磁辐射的危害有所了解的人数比例为71.9%,但知道防护措施的仅为29.6%,使用防护屏的仅为5.4%.综合调查结果认为,大学生电脑普及率高,使用时间长,且对电脑电磁辐射无应有的防护,大多数大学生在一定程度上已经受到了电磁辐射的影响,大学生受电脑电磁辐射已经成为一个值得关注的新问题.     

Phenology and population radiation of the nettle caterpillar, Darna pallivitta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Hawai’i

The nettle caterpillar, Darna pallivitta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), is an invasive pest with established populations on three Hawai’ian islands. Indigenous to Southeast Asia, D. pallivitta caterpillars cause defoliation of ornamental nursery stock and pose a human health hazard due to their urticating hairs that can cause painful skin reactions. Identification of the pheromone component n-butyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (E7,9-10:COOnBu) from D. pallivitta has made it possible to investigate the phenology and population dynamics using baited traps. Male captures in Jackson traps baited with E7,9-10:COOnBu showed a vegetation preference for tall-grass fields and forest/grass interfaces over forest areas. Microlocation preferences were also found for trap height, with over 65% of males being caught in traps suspended at 1 m, compared with the traps at 3 and 5 m. Captures of male moths in traps baited with live females, and direct observations of female calling behavior, showed peak activities 6–7 h after the onset of scotophase. This is a much later communication period than for D. bradleyi and D. trima and may provide a mechanism by which D. pallivitta maintains reproductive isolation in areas where all three species are present. Coastal and inland transects established in eastern Hawai’i measured aspects of population fluctuations and radiation into new areas with relation to elevation and microclimate. Population expansion was measured by comparing moth population means and 80% population boundaries over time. Both population measures showed a higher expansion for the coastal transect. Differences in population expansion may be attributed in part to temperature and elevation, while precipitation does not seem to have a strong effect. Both the behavioral and ecological data collected can be used to optimize deployment of detection/control strategies and to predict population expansion/risk assessment for establishing quarantine protocols for the nettle caterpillar.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

燃烧油品的沸溢特性分析研究

分析了油罐火灾中燃烧油品的沸溢现象,阐述了沸溢发生的条件,研究了沸溢时火焰的热辐射强度,研究表明沸溢时火焰温度平均升高300℃左右,火焰平均热辐射强度是沸溢发生前的2.5～3倍.     

Photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters in the water of Lake Dianchi,China

Water samples were taken from Lake Dianchi, on the Yungui Plateau of southwest China, and experiments were conducted to simulate the photochemical degradation characteristic of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the lake water. Three groups of experiments under different light conditions: ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and dark, were done and variations of fluorescence properties, UV absorbance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the experiments were analyzed to study the photodegradation process of CDOM with time. The result showed that light irradiation led to significant photochemical degradation of CDOM, resulting in changes in florescent properties, absorbance losses, decreases in aromaticity and average molecular weight, as well as decline in DOC concentration in the water. It was also observed that UV irradiation had greater effect than visible light did. However, various fluorophores had different sensitivities to the same irradiation condition, that is, protein-like fluorophore at the low excitation wavelengths is more sensitive to UV irradiation than the other fluorophores, and is more readily to undergo photo-degradation. In addition, visible light irradiation did not have significant impact on DOC in the water, with DOC concentration decrease by 5.57% –59.9% during the experiment time. These results may provide new knowledge on the environment behavior of CDOM in the water of Lake Dianchi.     

UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-大豆系统呼吸速率和N2O排放的影响

采用人工模拟UV-B增强方式,通过大田试验,研究了UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-大豆系统呼吸速率和N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明:在三叶-分枝期、开花-结荚期、鼓粒成熟期和全生长期,UV-B增强,系统平均呼吸速率分别降低了59.88%,65.47%,67.35%和64.44%,N2O平均排放通量分别降低了37.94%,24.61%,48.42%和34.16%;秸秆施用促进了系统呼吸速率,4个时期平均呼吸速率分别增加了59.88%,61.50%,99.16%和64.44%;降低了全生长期的N2O平均排放通量,但没有达到显著差异水平(P=0.236).UV-B增强和秸秆施用复合处理显著增大土壤-大豆系统的呼吸速率,降低全生长期的N2O平均排放通量,但没有达到显著差异水平(P=0.229).     

Modelling radiative balance in a row-crop canopy: Row-soil surface net radiation partition

Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:

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global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;

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long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;

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atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;

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air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.

The input variables were incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation, soil surface mean temperature and air temperature near the leaves. The main parameters were soil and leaf albedos, row porosity and dimensions.A direct validation of the model was attempted by measuring net radiation above the canopy and at five positions above the soil surface in a vineyard of the Bordeaux area. The reliability of soil surface net radiation measurements was estimated by thorough error propagation analysis. When found significant, errors were corrected and finally soil surface net radiation data were corrected only for delay in direct downward solar radiation striking net radiometers, because canopy was discontinuous and height of net radiometers was not negligible compared to canopy height.In these conditions, model calculations were in agreement with measurements, although the model slightly underestimated Rns and therefore overestimated Rnv. As the mean error was about 20 W m⁻², and therefore compatible with instrument accuracy, the results were considered satisfactory.This available energy partition model is able to estimate radiative balance in various canopy systems and in various thermal environment conditions, leading to easier simulations of energy balance and water fluxes. It could therefore be a useful tool for optimizing row-crop canopies, taking fully into account any kind of present or future thermal environment.     

The effect of estimated PAR uncertainties on the physiological processes of biosphere models

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) energy reaching on the vegetated surface is a key determinant of plant physiological processes. Most of biosphere or crop models use the ratio of PAR to incoming solar radiation (R_s), PAR/R_s, to convert R_s into PAR in order to reduce weather data-input requirements. Several existing models simply specify a constant ratio, PAR/R_s = 0.5. However, some field experiments have reported that the ratio PAR/R_s may not be constant. Previous empirical equations of PAR/R_s were derived based on the data of monthly or daily timescales collected from only a few measurement sites, hence they may not be appropriate to be used in current global biosphere models usually with hourly simulation time steps. Here, we represent the exponential correlation between PAR/R_s and sky clearness index (0-1) using hourly data from 54 Ameriflux measurement sites. It is found that PAR/R_s increases up to 0.6 in cloudy conditions when the clearness index (CI) is below ∼0.2, whereas it is nearly constant at ∼0.42 when CI is above 0.2. When the identified empirical equation is used in the model simulation, it results in −4 to 2% difference in the stomatal conductance compared to that using the constant ratio PAR/R_s = 0.5.     

Modelling the effects of UV radiation on the survival of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in the face of limited data

Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a keystone species of the Antarctic ecosystem. A fishery for krill may compete with land-based predators (penguins and seals), particularly during the breeding season. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is moving towards management in small scale units. The management models specify predation and fishing mortality as space and time dependent but do not yet include non-predation natural mortality. Krill are known to be highly susceptible to ultraviolet radiation (UV) but there are limited empirical data. We develop a model for krill mortality caused by UV and parameterize and assess it by comparison with experimental data. The analysis allows us to identify key parameters that should be measured in future experiments and also leads to suggestions about modification of experimental procedure. We illustrate the method for krill found in the Livingston Island area and show that (a) it is possible to estimate the component of natural mortality due to UV-induced damage and (b) that cohorts born in 1979, 1984, or 1997 have different survival in the first 5 years of life, associated with differential UV exposure. In particular, those born in 1997 may have experienced as much as 10% lower survival than those born in 1979. The method developed here allows a potentially important source of krill mortality to be incorporated into the management models and suggests key experiments and field work in the future.