Ecogenetic Characteristics of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) Populations from the Techa River Floodplain Ecosystems

This study looks into T. officinale cenopopulations growing in the Techa River floodplain under conditions of chronic low-dose irradiation. It has been shown that the left-bank and right-bank cenopopulations differ from one another, as well as from the control (background) population, in the allozyme structure, viability, and radioresistance of the seed progeny and the mechanisms of antioxidant protection. In nature, cenopopulations differing in their phenogenetic structure may have different strategies of adaptation to the chronic influence of low radiation doses against the background of changing environmental conditions. The consequences of irradiation for such cenopopulations, including the viability and radiosensitivity of their seed progenies, may also differ considerably.     

不同波长和强度光照对水体汞还原的影响

采用室内模拟实验,探讨不同光波长、强度对HgCl2还原反应的影响,根据载气中Hg0的实时浓度跟踪HgCl2还原反应的过程,计算Hg0释放通量来进行汞光还原程度定性分析、动力学定量分析,并运用积分法和微分法确定反应级数.结果表明,Hg2+的还原量与光波长呈负相关、与光强度呈正相关,说明光子提供的能量对汞的光还原反应起关键性作用,汞还原率由光波长和强度共同决定,并且受溶液体积和载气流速影响;在各组实验中,载气中的Hg0浓度均表现为先上升再下降后趋于平稳的规律,Hg0浓度上升阶段的主要反应是Hg2+的还原反应和Hg0的释放,而下降阶段的主要反应是Hg0的释放;本研究中可见光下的汞还原反应为一级反应,UVA、UVB光照下的汞还原反应为二级反应,这与汞的配合物具有特定的光谱吸收带和实验用灯提供的光波范围有关.     

大气棕色碳的研究进展与方向

有机气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分.近年来,部分有机气溶胶被证实在紫外-近可见光波段能进行有效光吸收.吸光有机气溶胶(即棕色碳)已成为当前国际大气环境领域的研究热点之一,其吸光贡献对辐射强迫、区域空气质量、全球气候变化的影响备受关注.中国城市群区域大气复合污染严重,2013年1月以来,大尺度区域能见度降低、灰霾现象频繁发生.研究表明,中国大气棕色碳的负荷高,其重要贡献源类如生物质与化石燃料燃烧等排放量大,棕色碳在中国大气细颗粒物总消光中的贡献及其辐射强迫亟需评估.然而,棕色碳的基础研究还较为薄弱,特别是对它的组成及来源的认识仍十分有限.本文旨在指出在中国开展大气棕色碳研究的紧迫性和必要性,并从棕色碳的来源、组成、测量方法、浓度分布、光学特性、辐射强迫贡献等角度介绍目前国际研究进展,提出现有问题与不足,以及对未来研究方向的建议,以促进对棕色碳的认识与了解,为中国在该领域的研究提供参考和依据.     

电子加速器辐射处理含氰废水的中试研究

以江苏省某碳纤维生产企业排放的含氰工业废水为研究对象,采用自屏蔽Dynamitron电子加速器(能量0.5~1.0 MeV,束流10~15 mA)开展了处理量为30 m3·d-1的中试实验.通过正交实验设计,研究了不同因素对氰化物降解的影响,优化了操作条件.研究结果表明,加速器辐照能够有效去除废水中的氰化物,当CN-浓度为21.08~117.49 mg·L-1,辐照剂量为1.5 kGy时,CN-的去除率为33.88%~59.25%.臭氧的存在可以显著提高氰化物的去除效率,辐照过程中加入2 mg·L-1的臭氧,在相同辐照剂量下,CN-的去除率可提高到48.19%~82.62%,氰化物的辐射降解可以用准一级反应动力学模型描述.氰化物辐射降解的主要产物为氨氮和氰酸盐.本实验研究是我国第一例运用电子加速器连续辐照处理实际工业废水的中试规模实验,为电离辐射技术在我国废水处理领域中的应用起到了良好的工程示范作用.     

Mechanism of enhanced removal of quinonic intermediates during electrochemical oxidation of Orange Ⅱ under ultraviolet irradiation

The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on generation of radicals and formation of intermediates was investigated in electrochemical oxidation of the azo-dye Orange I1 using a TiO2-modified β- PbO2 electrode. It was found that a characteristic absorbance of quinonic compounds at 255 nm, which is responsible for the rate-determining step during aromatics degradation, was formed only in electrocatalytic oxidation. The dye can be oxidized by either HO radicals or direct electron transfer. Quinonic compounds were produced concurrently. The removal of TOC by photo-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation was 1.56 times that of the sum of the other two processes, indicating a significant synergetic effect. In addition, once the ultraviolet irradiation was introduced into the process of electrocatalytic oxidation, the degradation rate of quinonic compounds was enhanced by as much as a factor of two. The more efficient generation of HO radicals resulted from the introduction of ultraviolet irradiation in electrocatalytic oxidation led to the significant synergetic effect as well as the inhibiting effect on the accumulation of quinonic compounds.     

Effects of pH on photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in different atmospheres by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet

Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, a persistent organic pollutant, receives increasing concerns due to its worldwide occurrence and resistance to most conventional treatment processes. The photochemical decomposition by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） is one of the efficient methods for PFOA decomposition. The effects of pH on PFOA decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen atmosphere were investigated. At its original pH （4.5） of PFOA aqueous solution, PFOA decomposed efficiently both in nitrogen and in oxygen atmosphere. However, when the pH increased to 12.0, PFOA decomposition was greatly inhibited in oxygen atmosphere, while it was greatly accelerated in nitrogen atmosphere with a very short half-life time （9 rain）. Furthermore, fluorine atoms originally contained in PFOA molecules were almost completely transformed into fluoride ions. Two decomposi- tion pathways have been proposed to explain the PFOA decomposition under different conditions. In acidic and neutral solutions, PFOA predominantly decomposes via the direct photolysis in both atmospheres; while in the alkaline solution and in the absence of oxygen, the decomposition of PFOA is mainly induced by hydrated electrons.     

东北地区-大连臭氧浓度分布与影响因素研究

随着经济社会的发展,人们对环境质量更加重视,光化学烟雾成为影响城市环境空气质量的重要因素。利用东北地区大连市全年臭氧监测的时间浓度,对臭氧污染的浓度分布特征,时间以及季节变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:臭氧浓度变化受太阳辐射强度和气温的影响明显,呈单峰型变化,臭氧浓度季节变化趋势明显。春、夏季节臭氧浓度较高,秋季臭氧浓度次之,臭氧与大气中的NO、NO2、CO、VOCs等前体物的浓度、太阳辐射的强度以及CO的浓度都有不同程度的相关性。     

强辐射环境下电子系统抗辐射技术研究

随着核工业、航天航空等行业的发展,目标定位系统是相关设施日常运行、维护、事故应急处理的重要技术基础,是目前高技术研究的热点领域,该系统的抗辐射能力是决定其正常工作前提。通过实验对钴60强辐射环境下摄像机、控制电路的抗辐射性能研究,确认了电子系统中摄像机、单片机、晶闸管等器件的损坏主要是由辐照累计量决定。并设计了一个目标定位系统的屏蔽体,经过实验检验,防护后系统工作时间可延长2~4倍。     

鞍山市区电磁辐射污染特征分析

电磁辐射污染时伴随着社会的发展、工业化的进步而产生的。鞍山作为一个大型工业化城市,电磁辐射设施种类和类别较多,这种污染几乎无处不在,长期以来,人们对电磁辐射污染缺乏了解,鞍山市区电磁辐射监测数据资料匮乏。从保护市民群众身体健康角度,结合国家相关法规及监测依据,制定一套合理可行的监测方案,针对鞍山市电磁辐射污染进行全面研究,深入了解鞍山市区电磁辐射污染现状,通过监测数据研究提出相应的保护建议,避免伤害的发生。     

全向辐照电磁环境构建及与BPSK系统的干扰效应研究

目的分析某型通信电台在工作时所处的复杂电磁环境,构建基于混响室原理的全向辐照电磁环境。方法以一个采用标准BPSK信号的数字通信系统为例,研究干扰信号码速、频率偏移量、信干比等参数对系统误码率的影响。结果当干扰信号码速低于期望信号码速时,随着频率偏移量的增加,接收系统误码率也随之减小,且呈现周期性规律;当信干比相同时,在相同的频率偏移下,干扰信号的码速越高,其干扰效果越好;当干扰信号码速高于期望信号码速时,随着干扰信号码速的进一步增大,干扰效果将呈现逐渐降低的趋势。结论该研究在电子装备的复杂电磁环境适应性方面做出了有益探索,为今后的复杂电磁环境适应性理论的深入研究提供了借鉴。