紫外光活化过硫酸钠降解偏二甲肼

采用紫外光活化Na_2S_2O_8降解偏二甲肼(UDMH),考察了UDMH初始质量浓度、初始溶液pH、Na_2S_2O_8投加量、常见阴离子(NO_3~-,Cl~-,HCO_3~-)存在对UDMH去除效果的影响。结果表明:随着UDMH初始质量浓度从50 mg/L升至300 mg/L,UDMH降解速率常数由0.182 min~(-1)降至0.015 min~(-1);初始溶液pH为9.0时,UDMH降解速率常数为0.087 min~(-1);随着Na_2S_2O_8投加量的增加,UDMH去除率升高,适宜的Na_2S_2O_8投加量为1.0 mmol/L;分别添加2 mmol/L常见的阴离子(NO_3~-,Cl~-,HCO_3~-)对UDMH降解效果没有明显的影响。     

γ射线外照射对大黄鱼幼鱼生长的影响

电离辐射对海洋生物的影响日益受到人们关注。为探讨电离辐射对沿海重要水产经济物种大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)幼鱼生长的影响,通过不同剂量(0, 4, 8, 16, 32 Gy)的~(60)Coγ射线外照射,分别从存活、体重体长、抗氧化能力和消化能力等几方面,观察分析了大黄鱼幼鱼生长的辐射响应情况。结果表明,不同剂量的γ射线照射对养殖期间的大黄鱼幼鱼体重、体长和器官指数的影响均不显著;对大黄鱼幼鱼抗氧化能力及消化能力的刺激/抑制表现状况差异明显,其中,低剂量组在照射后前期有显著促进作用,但随养殖时间增加趋于正常,中、高剂量组在养殖周期内均呈抑制状态,并造成鱼体不可逆的损伤。该实验结果为海洋生物的辐射效应研究提供数据支撑,为滨海核电周边海域环境放射性安全评估提供科学依据。     

水体冻结过程中卤乙酸前体物在水-冰体系中的分配研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究了水体冻结过程中,水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)和卤乙酸前体物在水-冰体系中的分配规律.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A),疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N),过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A),过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明:在水体冻结过程中,5种DOM组分在水相中的DOC浓度均随冷冻时间的增长而增加,呈现冷冻浓缩效应.与溶解性有机碳(DOC)所表征的整体有机物相比,5种DOM组分中的卤乙酸(HAAs)前体物更倾向于停留在水相中浓缩.在5种DOM组分中,HPI是主要的HAAs前体物.5种DOM组分在未冻结水中的UV-254与HAAFP均表现出一定相关性,其中HPO-A, TPI-A和HPI的UV-254与HAAFP达到极显著水平.然而在融冰水中,这5种DOM组分的UV-254与HAAFP的相关性均不显著.     

Effects of cucl2 on UV‐mutagenesis and on DNA damage in a restriction fragment of E. Coli gpt∗

CuCl₂ does not cause Trp⁺ reversion in E. coli WP2. However, when the bacteria are exposed to CuCl₂ and UV‐irradiated, a greater than 3‐fold enhancement of mutagenesis (compared to UV alone) is seen at 30 μMCuCl₂, and significant enhancement is seen even at 3 μM. The mechanism for this comutagenic effect was studied using a restriction fragment of the E. coli gpt gene. Whereas UV or CuCl₂ alone caused few strand breaks, UV + CuCl₂ induced breaks at every site. This reaction was blocked by KI, a free radical scavenger. While UV alone induced alkali‐labile sites, UV+ CuCl₂ induced many more such sites and altered the sequence specificity. We suggest that at least some of the comutagenic effect might be due to hydroxyl radical formed via a Fenton reaction.     

Trace elements in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil) determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Trace elements were determined in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, by total reflection Xray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se were determined in fish muscles and organs and in oyster soft tissue. SRTXRF was shown to be a good tool for the analysis of trace elements from biological tissue samples. Overall, the levels of the analysed metals were higher in oysters than in the fish samples. Metals were not uniformly distributed throughout the body of the analysed fish. The detected concentrations of Cr, Zn and Se were very high in some samples, surpassing the maximum limits established by Brazilian legislation.     

障碍物对天然气喷射火影响的数值模拟研究

为研究障碍物控制天然气喷射火对周围设施危害的有效性,基于流体力学基本原理与湍流模型,采用FDS模拟软件,分别研究高度为10 m的障碍物宽度和障碍物与泄漏孔间距对喷射火的影响。研究得出:障碍物对喷射火阻挡效果明显,减缓了火焰在速度方向的传播;障碍物越宽,控制火焰向前传播的效果越好,障碍物后方受火焰高温和热辐射危害越小,但随着宽度的增加,后方温度和热辐射下降率减小,障碍物宽3 m时,对火焰控制效果最好;随着障碍物与泄漏孔间距增加,障碍物后方热辐射先增加后减小,间距为5 m时,障碍物对火焰的控制效果最好,此时喷射火下游受保护的区域最宽。研究结果可为储气罐发生泄漏火灾事故处置及应急设施设计提供参考。     

UVR-induced toxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum L.

The depletion of the ozone layer and enhancement of solar radiation may exert an adverse influence on the ecosystem. Phototoxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to seedling was studied. Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were planted in sludge and PAHs (anthracene (An), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and pyrene (Py)) with and without UVR. Toxicity of sludge increased in the presence of UVR in wheat. UVB radiation was found to be more hazardous than UVA radiation. Results demonstrated that An, BaP and Py induced phototoxicity at various concentrations (1–10?µg/mL) under UVA (1.5?mW/cm²) or UVB (1.08?J/cm²) exposure. The pattern of phototoxicity was An?>?Py?>?BaP to shoot length, root length, and fresh weight; chlorophyll, protein content, enzyme activity of catalase and α-amylase were reduced while the activity of superoxide dismutase and starch was enhanced. Reduction in seedling growth and biochemical parameters may be related to less photosynthesis, less nutritional uptake, and distortion of root cap. Thus, the synergistic effect may be due to alterations in photosynthesis, phytohormones, or nutritional uptake.     

石油化工装置区火灾举高消防车的安全部署研究

举高消防车广泛应用在石油化工装置区火灾中。为高效发挥举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的作用,对石油化工装置区火灾中广泛使用的举高消防车的结构性能进行了分析,针对举高喷射消防车的特点,分析了装置类型、作业场地、安全工作范围、火场热辐射对其在石油化工装置区火灾使用中的影响。分析给出了石油化工装置区火灾中消防通道的要求、举高消防车距离火源的安全距离及其臂架的工作要求,并提出了举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的安全部署要求。研究结果可以为举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的安全部署及作战效能的提高提供技术支持。     

我国核电与煤电环境影响的外部成本比较

应用影响路径分析和生命周期分析方法建立了核电能源链与煤电能源链的外部成本计量框架,对二者的环境影响的外部成本进行了比较评价.结果表明:煤电能源链向环境排放的污染物直接导致酸雨、降尘和全球变暖等环境效应,对人体健康、植被、生态系统、材料和清洗等造成明显影响;而核电能源链未发现可察觉的环境影响.从污染物(SO₂,NO_x,PM和CO₂)排放看,煤电能源链比核电能源链高2个数量级;煤电能源链的辐射影响是核电能源链的40倍;煤电能源链总的外部成本是核电能源链的115倍.比较可知:①核电是清洁的能源,其比煤电更有利于环境;②以煤为主的能源结构是环境问题的主要原因之一;③现行的能源价格机制中没有合理地体现环境成本.应通过节约能源、提高能源效率、改善能源结构、发展清洁能源技术、外部成本内部化以完善能源价格机制等途径促进能源的可持续发展.      

成都市冬季辐射雾生消过程的无机阴离子变化

分别在成都市市区和郊区采集冬季辐射雾雾水样品,pH值范围在4.58—6.39之间,平均值为5.57.离子色谱分析其无机阴离子(SO42-,NO3-,Cl-)浓度水平.结果显示,雾水中的阴离子以SO42-浓度最高(3.11mg.l-1),NO3-(0.20mg.l-1)和Cl-(0.25mg.l-1)相对较低;雾生消过程中市区和郊区雾水样品阴离子的变化规律及分布特征有显著差异.雾水中的阴离子浓度普遍低于此期间的降水.