遥感与地理信息系统一体化技术在重大自然灾害监测与评估中的应用

本文结合国家“八五”科技攻关的实例，阐述了遥感和地理信息系统技术在重大突发性自然灾害监测与评估中的作用和良好效益，并提出今后着重的三个方面：建立国家自然灾害监测与评估中心；解决关键性的技术问题，牢固用户观点。     

Use of a geographic information system for storm runoff prediction from small urban watersheds

The use of computer-assisted map analysis techniques for prediction of storm runoff from a small urban watershed in the United States is investigated. An automated procedure for calculating input parameters for the US Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method of predicting storm runoff volume and peak timing is presented. Advanced techniques of spatial analysis are used to characterize spatial coincidence, surface configuration and effective hydrologic distance. A limited verification of the automated procedure indicates that the model reasonably characterizes water flow. A sensitivity analysis of basin disaggregation suggests that the SCS method yields increased volume and peak discharge predictions as the watershed is divided into smaller and smaller subunits. As a means to demonstrate the practical application of the automated procedure, a simulation of the effects on surface runoff for a potential residential development is presented.     

Analysis of the Threshold and Expected Coverage Approaches to the Probabilistic Reserve Site Selection Problem

Two approaches to formulating the reserve site selection problem when species occurrence data is probabilistic were solved for terrestrial vertebrates in a small set of potential reserve sites in Oregon. The expected coverage approach, which maximizes the sum of the occurrence probabilities, yielded solutions that covered more species on average in Monte Carlo simulations than the threshold approach, which maximizes the number of species for which the occurrence probability exceeds some threshold.     

内陆水环境污染监测的多时相遥感信息模型

介绍了遥感水质监测的基本原理,对遥感技术在水质监测领域的国内外发展现状进行了归纳分析,并论述了建立多时相、通用型内陆水环境污染遥感监测模型的可行性,最后以湘江长沙段为研究区域,创建了适用于DO、CODCr、CODMn、BOD和TN的水污染遥感因子和相应的多时相遥感信息模型。     

Connecting Community Action and Science to Combat Desertification: Evaluation of a Process

Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification, to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities, scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification.     

Effective application of monitoring information: the case of San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) for Trace Substances is an innovative partnership among a regulatory agency, more than 70 regulated entities, and an independent scientific organization. The institutional arrangement behind the RMP has made the regulatory system increasingly responsive to emerging management needs, particularly with regard to the development of total maximum daily loads and ecosystem impairment assessment. Through multi-agency partnerships within and outside the RMP institutional structure, major information gaps for several pollutants of concern have been narrowed, resulting in a successful consensus-based regulatory approach to managing copper and nickel mass inputs into the Estuary. Short-term research efforts, based upon monitoring results, helped identify the most cost-effective control and remediation options for various bioaccumulative substances. Additionally, adaptive changes to the monitoring program documented the existence of widespread aquatic toxicity in the Estuary that is apparently due to pesticide runoff from agricultural and urban areas. One of the most important contributions of this collaborative monitoring program is the deliberate and systematic adjustment of management and research questions that serve to influence and add relevance to the overall research agenda related to San Francisco Estuary ecosystem assessment.     

浅谈内蒙古环境保护信息化走向

本文对内蒙古自治区和包头市环境保护信息化发展条件、现实状况和不足作了分析；提出了制定“数字环保规划”、推广使用国家环境监理信息系统、建立黄河监测和监理信息系统和提高人员信息化素质等建议。     

重庆市地质灾害风险评估信息系统

重庆市地质灾害类型多,分布广,危害大,传统的预测预报及评估方法已显落后,迫切需要构建一套能快速、准确评价该区地质灾害危险性、易损性的具有模块化、网络化的风险评价系统.在Windows环境下,以GIS系列工具软件为基础平台,采用数据库管理技术对数据进行采集、存储、管理、分析、计算和图形显示,利用计算机语言的编程功能,开发了重庆市地质灾害评估信息系统,使有关决策部门能够方便地对系统进行查询和分析,获取所需要的地质灾害评估结果,为有关部门的灾害预测预报和提出有效、科学的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据.     

重大危险源安全监管信息系统的开发研究

从重大危险源安全监管的现实需要出发,研究了重大危险源企业安全管理与政府安全监管信息系统的总体框架及其软、硬件结构,并开发出了重大危险源安全监管信息系统。该系统主要包括重大危险源辨识、安全评价与分级、远程实时监控、GIS电子地图、GPS定位、应急救援预案及指挥、选址与安全规划等子系统,为我国建立全国重大危险源监控信息网络系统提供了一个标准的、先进的信息化平台。该信息系统已经在江苏、山东、河北等省重大危险源监控网络系统建设试点中得到了广泛应用,提高了重大危险源监管水平,取得了良好的效果。     

基于火灾统计灾情数据的城市火灾风险分析

进行参数估计简单假设观察数据服从特点分布,由于条件变化,实际计算过程中往往出现不同状况下获得的数据服从不同分布的情况,从而存在假设与实际情况差异.本文介绍了信息扩散原理及其计算过程,信息扩散过程可以将一个孤立的观测值变成一个模糊集.利用上述特性,结合城市火灾统计数据给出了城市火灾风险的评估过程,确定了某市发生火灾后的损失率及其超越概率,为城市消防规划提供了技术参考.