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781.
MapObjects在城市道路交通噪声管理中的应用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
从Visual Basic控件技术出发,介绍了建立在对象链接与嵌入技术基础上由美国ESRI公司的采用GIS控件MapObjects的运行机制及特点。结合该控件在城市道路交通噪声信息管理系统开发中的应用,对系统的建设目标、结构及开发模式做了介绍;以对北京市道路交通噪声信息管理系统的开发为例,对系统的功能作了简要说明。 相似文献
782.
对传统财务业绩评价体系及其所提供的会汁信息质量进行了分析,认为财务分析应以现金流量力核心,通过现金流量指标分析企业的获利能力和支付能力更具可行性.笔者认为,以现金流量为核心,将现金流量分析指标溶于其他财务分析中,能够对企业当前存在的报表粉饰,利润操纵等现象进行充分的揭示,有助于重新构建出一套更为科学、合理的财务分析评价体系。 相似文献
783.
784.
Coral reefs are highly dynamic and productive marine ecosystems, providing habitat and refuge for an enormous number of species
including fish, invertebrates and algae. With increased anthropogenic pressures and global climate change, many coral reefs
are rapidly declining. Currently, there is limited knowledge on condition and community assemblage composition of shallow
fringing coral reefs along the south-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. With increased demand to determine existence
of coastal fringing reefs by National Regional Management groups, a rapid cost effective method to determine reef composition
and condition was required. The aim of this study was to determine the benthic structure and extent of two small coastal fringing
reefs (Hummock Hill Reef and Stringers Reef) along the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Reef substrate assessments were carried
out using a rapid assessment technique and a Point Intercept Method (PIM). The data were analysed and classified using a Geographic
Information System (GIS). Percent substrate cover was calculated using a visual basic image analysis program. The Point intercept
method showed higher accuracy over the rapid assessment technique (up to 15–40% difference) and was thus deemed a more suitable
classification tool for reefs with high structural complexity and heterogeneity. This study focused on piloting a rapid, cost
effective Point Intercept Technique using random point count methodology to document coral benthic habitat and extent over
a commonly used rapid assessment method as a tool for reef coastal management and conservation. The two techniques were compared
and substrate classification success, limitations and errors were discussed. 相似文献
785.
结合国内外实际环境系统信息的调研成果和客户需求分析以及环境领域自身的科学规律,论述了7种计算机技术(3S技术、在线监测技术、模型技术、多媒体和可视化技术、人工智能技术、仿真技术和互联网技术)在环境保护信息系统中的应用前景。具有辅助决策功能的综合环境保护信息系统的主要功能包括:(1)信息获取与显示;(2)信息查询;(3)环境信息的分析;(4)环境信息的表达。用计算机技术实现环境保护信息系统的主要功能关键问题在于:(1)系统的有效管理;(2)3S技术与环境模型的融合和集成;(3)专家系统(ES)与3S技术的融合;(4)仿真系统与3S技术的融合:(5)在线监测技术与3S技术的融合;(6)环境系统与Intranet/Internet的融合。 相似文献
786.
Designing Cost-Effective Payments for Conservation Measures to Generate Spatiotemporal Habitat Heterogeneity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
MARTIN DRECHSLER‡ KARIN JOHST CORNELIA OHL† FRANK WÄTZOLD† 《Conservation biology》2007,21(6):1475-1486
Abstract: Many endangered species depend on certain types of agricultural or other forms of human land use. To conserve such species, schemes are set up in which land users receive payments for voluntarily managing their land in a biodiversity-enhancing manner. We developed a model-based framework for designing cost-effective payment schemes that generate spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity to maximize the survival of multiple species under budget constraints. The framework integrates ecological and economic knowledge and consists of the derivation of an ecological benefit function and a budget function that are then combined to determine the cost-effective degree of spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity. The ecological benefit function considers the timing of conservation measures, the induced habitat dynamics, and different degrees of substitutability among species. The budget function considers that the conservation agency may lack information about land users' individual conservation costs and personal attitudes and that land users can choose among different conservation measures. We applied the framework to a case study of grassland management, where the survival of three endangered species protected by the EU Habitats Directive depends on different types of land use. The lack of information available to the agency and the choice options of land users reduced the amount of conservation that can be financed with a given budget. Neglecting such findings may lead to an overestimation of the benefits of conservation programs. 相似文献
787.
MARIANNE R. FISH†‡ ISABELLE M. CÔTɆ† JENNIFER A. GILL†‡ REW P. JONES†‡ SASKIA RENSHOFF§ ANDREW R. WATKINSON†‡ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(2):482-491
Abstract: The projected rise in sea level is likely to increase the vulnerability of coastal zones in the Caribbean, which are already under pressure from a combination of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. One of the major effects will be a loss of beach habitat, which provides nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. To assess the potential impacts of sea-level rise on sea turtle nesting habitat, we used beach profile measurements of turtle nesting beaches on Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, to develop elevation models of individual beaches in a geographic information system. These models were then used to quantify areas of beach vulnerable to three different scenarios of a rise in sea level. Physical characteristics of the beaches were also recorded and related to beach vulnerability, flooding, and nesting frequency. Beaches varied in physical characteristics and therefore in their vulnerability to flooding. Up to 32% of the total current beach area could be lost with a 0.5-m rise in sea level, with lower, narrower beaches being the most vulnerable. Vulnerability varied with land use adjacent to the beach. These predictions about loss of nesting habitat have important implications for turtle populations in the region. 相似文献
788.
789.
Baseline resource information in an easily accessible form is a vital starting point for developing coastal zone management.
On behalf of a wide-ranging group of organizations involved in the management of the U.K. maritime zone, the Joint Nature
Conservation Committee (JNCC) is compiling a series of 16 regional volumes. The volumes contain multidisciplinary coastal
zone resource information arranged in ten chapters under the general title ‘Coasts and Seas of the UK’. These volumes form
part of a series of paper and electronic publications of coastal information being produced by JNCC's Coastal Directories
Project and are designed to meet the needs of planners and all others involved in decision-making and management of the coast. 相似文献
790.
GIS and geostatistics: Essential partners for spatial analysis 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
P.A. Burrough 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2001,8(4):361-377
Initially, geographical information systems (GIS) concentrated on two issues: automated map making, and facilitating the comparison of data on thematic maps. The first required high quality graphics, vector data models and powerful data bases, the second is based on grid cells that can be manipulated by suites of mathematical operators collectively termed map algebra. Both kinds of GIS are widely available and are taught in many universities and technical colleges. After more than 20 years of development, most standard GIS provide both kinds of functionality and good quality graphic display, but until recently they have not included the methods of statistics and geostatistics as tools for spatial analysis. Recently, standard statistical packages have been linked to GIS for both exploratory data analysis and statistical analysis and hypothesis testing. Standard statistical packages include methods for the analysis of random samples of cases or objects that are not necessarily co-located in space—if the results of statistical analysis display a spatial pattern then that is because the underlying data also share that pattern. Geostatistics addresses the need to make predictions of sampled attributes (i.e., maps) at unsampled locations from sparse, often expensive data. To make up for lack of hard data geostatistics has concentrated on the development of powerful methods based on stochastic theory. Though there have been recent moves to incorporate ancillary data in geostatistical analyses, insufficient attention has been paid to using modern methods of data display for the visualization of results. GIS can serve geostatistics by aiding geo-registration of data, facilitating spatial exploratory data analysis, providing a spatial context for interpolation and conditional simulation, as well as providing easy-to-use and effective tools for data display and visualization. The value of geostatistics for GIS lies in the provision of reliable interpolation methods with known errors, methods of upscaling and generalization, and for supplying multiple realizations of spatial patterns that can be used in environmental modeling. These stochastic methods are improving understanding of how errors in models of spatial processes accrue from errors in data or incompleteness in the structure of the models. New developments in GIS, based on ideas taken from map algebra, cellular automata and image analysis are providing high level programming languages for modeling dynamic processes such as erosion or the development of alluvial fans and deltas. Research has demonstrated that these models need stochastic inputs to yield realistic results. Non-stochastic tools such as fuzzy subsets have been shown to be useful for spatial analysis when probabilistic approaches are inappropriate or impossible. The conclusion is that in spite of differences in history and approach, the linkage of GIS, statistics and geostatistics provides a powerful, and complementary suite of tools for spatial analysis in the agricultural, earth and environmental sciences. 相似文献