铬渣浸溶Cr(Ⅵ)溶解释放规律研究-以锦州堆场铬渣为例

通过锦州地区铬渣样品静态浸溶实验,测定不同固液比、浸出时间、浸取剂pH及组成、振荡速度、铬渣粒度大小、温度等因素对铬渣中Cr(VI)溶解释放的影响,揭示铬渣中Cr(VI)析出、释放机理。结果显示,稀释作用在不同固液比浸出中起主导作用,随固液比的降低,Cr(VI)浸出浓度逐渐降低,但是Cr(VI)浸出总量却在增加;随着浸出时间的增大,浸出Cr(VI)浓度随之增大;铬渣浸出液碱性很高,在铬渣溶解释放过程中,随酸性增强Cr(VI)溶解量相应增大,体现强的酸中和能力;随着振荡速度增加,Cr(VI)溶解释放速度明显加快;粒径越小,铬酸盐的溶解释放速度越快,溶解作用越充分;铬渣的浸出为吸热反应过程,铬渣溶解度随温度升高而增大。铬渣中Cr(Vl)溶解释放速率服从菲克(Fick)扩散定律。研究结果为铬渣危害的评价、监测及铬渣污染有效防治提供参考。     

碳化稻壳-铁锰氧化菌耦合净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水效能与机制

针对严寒地区特有地理气候条件及制约当前村镇建设与发展的典型问题,以建设绿色低碳、节能环保村镇为目标,研发碳化稻壳-优势铁锰氧化菌耦合工艺净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水,探究生物滤柱低温快速启动方式;基于接触氧化与生物法,对比分析不同滤速条件下滤柱沿程除铁效能与反应速率,研究生物滤层除铁机制;基于扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、傅立叶红外线光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)、电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)对运行不同阶段的滤料与反冲洗水泥样表征剖析生物滤层除锰机制.结果表明,优势菌液低滤速-全循环的运行方式使稻壳生物滤层成熟且稳定仅需15 d;稳定运行阶段出水铁、锰、细菌浓度分别低于0.3 mg·L~(-1)、0.1 mg·L~(-1)、100 CFU·m L~(-1),均满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006);除铁机制主要依靠物化作用、辅以生物作用;在滤料成熟阶段与稳定运行初期除锰主要依靠生物作用,稳定运行后期物理化学作用占优势;该研究为严寒村镇Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)地下水集中处理应用提供了技术支撑.     

再生水地下储存过程中金属元素的变化规律

再生水地下储存过程中增大了将有毒有害污染物质引入地下水的风险。针对再生水地下储存过程中重金属元素的变化规律开展研究。结果表明:对于碱土金属元素,K、Na主要受入渗驱替作用控制,Ca、Mg在模拟含水层中可发生混合沉淀;对于痕量金属元素,回灌后受混合作用影响,Zn、Fe、Cd、Cr、Hg浓度趋近于再生水中的浓度,As、Ba、Pb浓度高于地下水及再生水,但溶出后As、Ba、Pb的质量浓度处于GB/T 14848—93《地下水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准限值范围内,对水质影响不大。     

高碘地下卤水中细菌产碘氧化酶的影响因素

高碘地下卤水的细菌碘氧化过程可以减轻工艺管线的生物污损危害。分离自高碘地下卤水中的细菌Roseovarius sp.IOB-7,其分泌的碘氧化酶可催化氧化碘离子生成能够抑制敏感菌生长的碘单质,从而减少生物污损。实验结果显示,加入16μmol/L的Cu~(2+)可促进IOB-7的生长,并将碘氧化酶活力提高了1.75倍。碘氧化酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH为5.5。以碘离子为底物的催化氧化反应中,当pH值为9时,Trametes versicolor漆酶已经完全失活,而碘氧化酶则仍然保持了32%的相对酶活力,显示出更好的pH应用范围和稳定性。开展高碘地下卤水环境中细菌碘氧化酶的研究,对利用生物酶法进行工艺管线生物污损的防治有积极的指导意义。     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征

为研究自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素径流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤水分渗漏装置对活地被物覆盖、死地被物敷盖和裸露对照这3种处理的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的磷素输出开展了为期一年的试验观测.结果表明:(1)3种处理下径流总磷和可溶性磷浓度变化趋势总体表现为地表径流略高于壤中流,并随着土层深度的增加有降低趋势;总磷累积输出量大小排序为裸露(1.61 kg·hm~(-2))敷盖(1.33 kg·hm~(-2))覆盖(0.82 kg·hm~(-2));(2)裸露对照坡地磷素输出以地表径流为主要途径,占总磷径流输出总量的57%,壤中流和地下径流输出量分别占6%和37%;有覆盖和敷盖措施的坡地磷素输出以地下径流为主,占总磷径流输出总量的71%以上,而地表径流输出量则不足14%;(3)各处理中地表径流、壤中流和地下径流磷素输出均以颗粒态为主,占磷输出总量的64%~97%.地下径流是红壤坡地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道,覆盖和敷盖措施可控制磷素径流流失总量,但未能显著降低磷素径流流失浓度.     

我国典型陆地生态系统水化学离子特征及空间分布

选择中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)和国家生态系统观测研究网络(CNERN)中的33个陆地生态站水化学监测数据,分析了2010～2015年我国典型陆地生态系统地下水、静止地表水和流动地表水水化学离子特征及空间分布.结果表明,水中主要阴离子质量浓度为:HCO_3~- SO_4~(2-) Cl~- CO_3~(2-),以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,在地下水、静止地表水、流动地表水中HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)之和分别约占阴离子总量的71. 7%、75. 3%和74. 9%;阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,两者之和分别约占阳离子总量的69. 7%、64. 8%和68. 9%.不同生态区域水体离子浓度和离子比例差异较大,水化学类型有地带性差异,即西北干旱半干旱区、东部黄淮海平原区生态系统地下水水化学类型以Na-Mg-SO4-Cl型为主,且水体矿化度较高;亚热带红壤丘陵区地下水水化学类型以Ca-SO_4-HCO_3型为主,地表水以Ca-HCO_3-SO_4型为主;南亚热带丘陵赤红壤区地下水水化学类型以NaCa-HCO_3-Cl型为主;其它生态系统水化学类型以Ca-HCO_3型和Ca-Mg-HCO_3为主.地下水、静止地表水和流动地表水的水化学类型年际间无明显变化.     

由“7·28”南京丙烯管道爆燃事故探讨我国地下管道存在的安全问题

＂7·28＂南京丙烯管道爆燃事故和近期发生的一系列管道事故反映出我国在地下管道安全方面存在的问题。在事故原因分析与共性问题探讨的基础上,结合欧美国家在管道安全管理中的成功做法,从加强法制建设、合理规划城市布局、进行重大危险源普查并建立监测监控系统、强化城镇地面开挖施工安全管理、加强风险沟通提高公众应急能力等方面提出了对策建议。     

水电站地下厂房机电安装阶段职业病危害检测及分析

近年来正在建设或待建的一大批大型水电工程都采用地下厂房方案,大型水电站地下厂房系统极为复杂,施工过程中的职业危害严重。通过对某电站地下厂房机电安装阶段工作场所的电焊烟尘、锰及其无机化合物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、臭氧、氮氧化物、噪声、紫外辐射等有害因素进行检测,对检测结果超标的有害因素分析超标的原因,为探求水电工程地下厂房施工期的职业危害的防控对策提供相关的依据。     

Condition of the Soil Fauna near the Epicenter of an Underground Nuclear Explosion in the Northern Urals

Radioactive contamination affects soil organisms and causes profound structural rearrangements in soil zoocenoses, which are manifested in the decreased species diversity of invertebrate communities and low relative abundance of large soil invertebrates. However, these communities gradually recover their initial structure. The soil biota near the epicenter of an underground nuclear explosion performed 30 years ago in Perm oblast has been studied to reveal specific structural features of the soil macro- and microfauna. Its structural diversity is considered with regard to such components as species (taxonomic) composition, the structure of dominance, and the ratio of ecological and trophic groups.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 171–179.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kolesnikova, Taskaeva, Krivolutskii, Taskaev.     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas