内江市沱江流域实现可持续发展的途径探讨$$$$##6研究方法

本文对内江市沱江流域经济-环境系统1995～2010年时段可持续发展进行了预测分析，指出了该区域实现可持续发展的可能途径和对策措施．     

土-地下结构的非线性动力相互作用——理论及应用

基于土-结构动力相互作用理论，阐述了土-地下结构非线性动力相互作用的基本原理及其建模方法。根据这一方法，对1995年日本阪神地震中震害最为严重的大开地铁车站进行了成灾机理有限元数值模拟分析。分析结果表明：在地震动作用下，车站结构顶板与侧墙的交叉部位，和中柱的顶底端首先发生弯曲破坏而形成塑性铰，使得顶板上覆土的大部分重量传递到由中柱来承担；在由顶板破坏后传来的上覆土重力和地震动在中柱中引起的压应力的共同作用下，中柱发生压曲和弯曲的双重破坏，导致中柱倒塌，进而导致车站顶板塌陷；同时还表明，水平向地震作用仍是造成大开地铁站结构破坏的主要因素。     

郑州市地下空间开发利用的岩土工程安全问题

城市地下空间的开发利用受到岩土工程条件的制约,地下工程实施的可能性和安全性对岩土工程条件有高度的依赖性。以郑州地区遇到的情况为例,讨论了区域稳定性、岩土体稳定性、地下水、地震地质作用、土的工程性质等方面对城市地下空间开发利用安全性的影响,对城市地下工程的岩土工程勘察问题进行了论述。笔者的研究,对郑州市地下空间开发中地质灾害的减轻和预防有一定指导意义。     

塔河流域森林生态建设存在的主要问题及其策略

随着时间的推移,塔河流域生态环境恶化的现实已被越来越多的人们所认识。造成塔河中下游森林退化,生态环境恶化的主要原因除自然因素外,主要是人为不合理的社会经济活动的影响。目前塔河流域森林生态建设存在的主要问题有:第一水资源不合理的利用成为沙漠化和次生盐渍化的主要原因;第二传统的生活方式和掠夺式的生产方式使生态环境遭到破坏;第三耕地的增加,满足不了人口发展的需求,大面积的无序开荒,导致生态环境进一步恶化。为塔河中下游林地植被恢复、建设及防止退化的策略有:塔河中下游生态工程治理的原则;塔河中下游生态环境治理的基本思路;塔河流域生态环境治理的主要对策,合理利用水资源,坚持生产、生态建设并重,确保生态用水;要积极调整农村产业结构,正确处理林业和农业、林业和牧业以及林业和工业发展的关系;大力发展农村能源建设,从根本上解决农村薪材和生态保护之间矛盾;大力保护、恢复、发展荒漠林草植被,大力发展绿洲林业,建立荒漠生态环境和绿洲共同支撑的稳定的生态体系;积极实施林业生态工程和林果工程,建立较为完备和发达的生态和产业体系。     

塔里木河下游绿色走廊的生态问题与治理对策

从经济、军事和生态三个角度分析了保护塔里木河下游绿色走廊的必要性,概括了该区域的生态环境现状,即河水矿化度升高、地下水位下降从而导致植被的退化和沙漠化加剧的问题。最后提出了以水资源合理利用为前提和中心的治理对策。     

塔里木河中游段治理中的牧区水利建设

塔里木河中下游地区生态环境急剧恶化,最主要的原因是中游段河水近一半21×108m3被人为的散失,造成下游河水所剩无几,致使尾闾台特玛湖干涸。解决的根本办法是将中下游段两岸的农牧民迁出,实现人为耗水为零。近期切实可行的办法是积极开展牧区水利建设,改变牧业生产方式,集中高效利用塔河水资源,发展人工草地,改良天然草场,实现牧业生产生态环境的协调发展,人与自然和谐相处。     

NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION CRITERIA AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PATTERNS IN TROPHIC STATE FOR RIVERS IN HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: A method is demonstrated for the development of nutrient concentration criteria and large scale assessment of trophic state in environmentally heterogeneous landscapes. The method uses the River Environment Classification (REC) as a spatial framework to partition rivers according to differences in processes that control the accrual and loss of algae biomass. The method is then applied to gravel bed rivers with natural flow regimes that drain hilly watersheds in New Zealand's South Island. An existing model is used to characterize trophic state (in terms of chlorophyll a as a measure of maximum biomass) using nutrient concentration, which controls the rate of biomass accrual, and flood frequency, which controls biomass loss. Variation in flood frequency was partitioned into three classes, and flow data measured at 68 sites was used to show that the classes differ with respect to flood frequency. Variation in nutrient concentration was partitioned at smaller spatial scales by subdivision of higher level classes into seven classes. The median of flood frequency in each of the three higher level classes was used as a control variable in the model to provide spatially explicit nutrient concentration criteria by setting maximum chlorophyll a to reflect a desired trophic state. The median of mean monthly soluble reactive phosphorus and soluble inorganic nitrogen measured at 68 water quality monitoring sites were then used to characterize the trophic state of each of the seven lower level classes. The method models biomass and therefore allows variation in this response variable to provide options for trophic state and the associated nutrient concentrations to achieve these. Thus it is less deterministic than using reference site water quality. The choice from among these options is a sociopolitical decision, which reflects the management objectives rather than purely technical considerations.     

矿井电网动态安全分析系统的研究

随着国民经济的迅速发展,各行各业对煤矿资源的需求越来越大,然而矿难事故的频繁发生,煤矿安全已成为迫切需要解决的首要问题。笔者针对目前的矿井供电系统存在的不足而导致的安全隐患问题,进行了深入的理论研究和技术分析。根据煤矿供电系统的实际情况,对其供电系统的动态安全分析问题进行了较全面的探讨和论述;介绍了矿井电网动态安全分析系统的功能要求、主要组成部分和结构;对各部分的实现和需要注意的问题进行了分析;给出了矿井电网动态安全分析系统的框图及系统最终要反映的信息要求。     

Water sharing agreements sustainable to reduced flows

By signing a water sharing agreement (WSA), countries agree to release an amount of river water in exchange for a negotiated compensation. We examine the vulnerability of such agreements to reduced water flows. Among all WSAs that are acceptable to riparian countries, we find out the one which is self-enforced under the most severe drought scenarios. The so-called upstream incremental WSA assigns to each country its marginal contribution to its followers in the river. Its mirror image, the downstream incremental WSA, is not sustainable to reduced flow at the source. Self-enforcement problems can be solved by setting water releases and compensations contingent to water flow. We apply our analysis to the Aral Sea Basin. We compute the upstream incremental compensations for the Bishkek agreement and asses its vulnerability with historical flows.     

Prioritizing sites for conservation based on similarity to historical baselines and feasibility of protection

The concept of shifting baselines in conservation science implies advocacy for the use of historical knowledge to inform these baselines but does not address the feasibility of restoring sites to those baselines. In many regions, conservation feasibility varies among sites due to differences in resource availability, statutory power, and land‐owner participation. We used zooarchaeological records to identify a historical baseline of the freshwater mussel community's composition before Euro‐American influence at a river‐reach scale (i.e., a kilometer stretch of river that is abiotically similar) in the Leon River of central Texas (U.S.A.). We evaluated how the community reference position and the feasibility of conservation might enable identification of sites where conservation actions would preserve historically representative communities and be likely to succeed. We devised a conceptual model that incorporated community information and landscape factors to link the best conservation areas to potential cost and conservation benefits. Using fuzzy ordination, we identified modern mussel beds that were most like the historical baseline. We then quantified housing density and land use near each river reach identified to estimate feasibility of habitat restoration. Using our conceptual framework, we identified reaches of high conservation value (i.e., contain the best mussel beds) and where restoration actions would be most likely to succeed. Reaches above Lake Belton were most similar in species composition and relative abundance to zooarchaeological sites. A subset of these mussel beds occurred in locations where conservation actions appeared most feasible. Our results show how to use zooarchaeological data (biodiversity data often readily available) and estimates of conservation feasibility to inform conservation priorities at a local spatial scale.