上海市机动车尾气排放协同控制效应研究

以2007~2012年为一个时间序列,通过详细调查上海市机动车道路交通等基础资料对机动车各污染物排放量进行测算,并利用协同控制坐标系评价方法,设计单一措施、结构性措施和综合性措施等3种机动车污染减排控制情景.结果表明:2007~2012年,上海市机动车污染物年排放量呈递减趋势,其中摩托车(MC)、小型汽油客车(LDGV)、重型柴油货车(HDDT)和大型柴油客车(HDDV)是机动车污染物主要的排放源,其排放量总和占到机动车污染物总量的90%以上.按当前上海市机动车保有量增长速度,2018年机动车尾气排放的可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)增长7%,温室气体增长比例为15%~108%,其中二氧化碳(CO₂)增长比例达到45%以上.在各控制情景下污染物和温室气体均有不同程度下降,但减排效果有明显差异.在单一措施控制情景下,淘汰黄标车和提高排放标准对两类污染物的削减效果明显,削减比例均在20%以上;而结构性控制措施对这两类污染物的削减尤为明显,削减比例达到40%以上且正向协同效应突出.     

广州机动车尾气中乙醛稳定碳同位素特征和排放因子

为了获得机动车排放源中乙醛的δ13C(稳定碳同位素丰度)特征及其影响因素,进行不同负荷下的发动机台架试验,采集不同怠速下的机动车尾气样品. 利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析乙醛δ13C值,并与ρ(乙醛)进行分析. 结果显示:①在发动机燃烧过程中,乙醛的生成和消除反应同时存在. 在发动机低负荷运行时,乙醛的δ13C分馏值为负(-1.4‰~-0.4‰),表明生成反应占主导;而在高负荷运行时,分馏值为正(0.5‰~1.3‰),表明消除反应占主导. ②乙醛的δ13C值与其质量浓度无明显相关性,主要受发动机燃烧温度和尾气净化装置的影响. 整车尾气中乙醛的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-24.4‰之间,平均值为-26.5‰±1.6‰. 其中,汽油车为-25.9‰~-24.4‰,平均值为-24.9‰±0.5‰;柴油车为-29.1‰~-27.0‰,平均值为-28.0‰±0.6‰. ③南方机动车尾气排放源与植物排放源中的乙醛的δ13C值范围不同,表明δ13C值可用于大气乙醛的源解析. 通过机动车尾气中c(乙醛)/c(CO₂)估算广州汽油车和轻型柴油车乙醛的排放因子,二者分别为(13±16)和(169±106)mg/L.      

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.      

重型柴油车PM2.5和碳氢化合物的排放特征

采用车载排放试验对国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ重型柴油车尾气在实际道路排放的PM2.5和碳氢化合物进行样品采集,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术、离子色谱仪和碳质分析仪对PM2.5各组分进行测试分析,采用五气分析仪对HC进行在线分析.结果表明,重型柴油车PM2.5和HC的排放因子分别为(0.22±0.12) g/km和(0.57±0.45) g/km,且排放因子随机动车排放标准的提高呈明显下降趋势.EC和OC是机动车尾气PM2.5的主要组分,分别占总质量百分比的38.87%~42.87%和16.22%~19.96%;水溶性离子中含量较为丰富的组分主要是SO42-、NH4+和NO3-,分别占总PM2.5质量百分比的7.64%~8.85%、2.22%~3.97%、1.91%~2.73%;元素中含量较高的组分为S、Na、Ca、Fe、和Al;PM2.5和HC的排放因子随车速的增加均呈下降趋势.     

T型街谷交叉路口机动车诱导下污染物传播规律

为了探究车辆转弯行驶对于T型街谷交叉路口处空气流动以及污染物扩散的影响,本文建立了该系统中车辆移动下空气流动与污染物传播耦合数学模型,采用计算流体力学方法,揭示T型街谷交叉路口处车辆诱导下的机械湍流特性,并且基于场协同理论量化了车速对污染物扩散的影响.结果表明,在不同速度的转弯过程中,转弯速度增加使得车辆诱导的湍动能也...     

Ce0.7Zr0.3O2纳米棒的制备及其对柴油车尾气碳颗粒的催化净化性能

本研究以硝酸铈、硝酸锆为原料使用溶剂热合成法,制备了CeO₂-ZrO₂纳米棒催化剂(Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)),并用于柴油车尾气碳颗粒催化净化.催化活性检测证实:Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)纳米棒催化剂可有效净化柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒.在Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)存在下,碳颗粒净化率为10%、50%和90%时,所需温度分别仅为375℃、414℃和455℃,比商用Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂和Ce0.3Zr0.7O2催化剂性能更优.采用氮吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术对催化剂进行表征.XRD和Raman结果证实,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)主要由立方相CeO₂构成,并掺杂了少量四方相氧化锆.SEM和TEM结果则显示,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂颗粒明显由纳米棒堆积而成,特定的纳米形貌会影响其对碳颗粒的催化氧化活性.XPS结果证明Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂主要具有晶格氧、化学氧和表面吸附氧等氧物种;晶格氧是碳颗粒氧化的活性氧物种,其溢流到催化剂表面可与碳颗粒接触从而提高反应活性;化学氧和表面吸附氧均为表面氧物种,极易与表面固体碳颗粒直接接触,从而可在较低温度下促进碳颗粒的净化.H₂-TPR结果进一步证实了XPS结果,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂的低温还原温度比商用Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂催化剂更低,且含有更多的易还原氧物种,这些低温易还原氧物种可以在较低温度下参与催化反应,促进柴油车尾气颗粒物的低温催化净化.     

汽车使用乙醇汽油后排放污染物变化趋势

对汽车使用乙醇汽油后尾气中污染物的变化趋势进行了研究,结果表明使用乙醇汽油后,CO和碳氢化合物含量呈明显降低趋势,平均下降率为56.9%和38.2%;氮氧化物含量有所下降,平均下降率为15.0%;CO2含量有所升高,平均增长率为5.04%;苯系物含量明显降低,平均下降率在45.5%～53.1%;醛类的含量呈明显增加趋势,平均增长率在47.8%～293%;丙酮、丁酮的含量略有增加,增加幅度分别为、16.6%和25.3%。     

Ninety five percent: an evaluation of law, policy, and programs to promote seat belt use in Washington state

Seat belt use in Washington state was 83% in 2001. In 2002, a series of law, policy, and program initiatives coalesced to produce a dramatic increase in seat belt use. Washington enacted a primary enforcement seat belt, the Chief of the Washington State Patrol made safety belt enforcement one of the core missions of that agency, and Washington participated in the national Memorial Day Click It or Ticket program during May 2002 and continued the program into 2003. Evaluation of these initiatives was accomplished through observation surveys of seat belt use, analysis of seat belt violation data, and analysis of data on traffic deaths of motor vehicle occupants. The major findings were that there was a two- to three-fold increase in enforcement of the seat belt law, belt use rates increased to 93% in 2002 and again to 95% in 2003, and motor-vehicle occupant fatalities decreased by 13%. IMPACT ON PRACTICE AND POLICY: The primary seat belt law and Click It or Ticket program activities were critical factors in increasing belt use in Washington state. Media and enforcement programs targeting seat belt use can be very effective in raising the belt use rate, but a long-term commitment to continuation of these program activities is essential. Other states implementing new primary seat belt laws should consider delivering a Click It or Ticket campaign prior to the effective date of the primary law and continuing these activities during subsequent months and years.     

The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use

Seat belt laws by themselves led to increased belt use in the United States and Canada, but initial effects were limited. Canadian provincial officials launched highly publicized enforcement campaigns in the early 1980s that resulted in substantially increased belt use. Canadian-style enforcement programs subsequently were adopted in the United States, and the use of such programs has grown in recent years. Lessons from these efforts include the importance of police leadership, focused publicity about enforcement, and sustained rather than single-shot efforts. What is needed in the United States to achieve a national belt use rate of 90% or greater is widespread, methodical, and sustained application of enforcement programs augmented by creative publicity. Enhanced penalties-in particular drivers license points-likely will be needed to reach hard-core nonusers.     

Recent Changes in Land-Use in the Pambala–Chilaw Lagoon Complex (Sri Lanka) Investigated Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Conservation of Mangroves vs. Development of Shrimp Farming

Shrimp aquaculture is currently one of the major threats to mangroves, their destruction causing both environmental and social problems. This study investigated the mangrove area in the Pambala–Chilaw Lagoon complex (07°30 N, 079°49 E) in Sri Lanka. Using air-borne remote sensing, a land-use map was constructed in a geographical information system of the study area and pond managers were interviewed about the functioning of their shrimp farms. Based on fieldwork during the four years after taking the aerial photographs, an updated GIS-based land-use map was constructed and compared the original situation. This revealed that shrimp farms had expanded with by 25 ha in four years, mainly at the expense of mangrove forest (approx. 13 ha) and coconut plantations (approx. 11 ha). Official documents from the World Conservation Union advise conservation of the undisturbed habitats in Pambala, but this study's observations do not corroborate an eventuation of this. Other authors reported political patronage as the main cause of this adverse situation. Since the shrimp industry depends on various ecological services provided by the mangrove ecosystem in order to maintain production (cf. ecological footprint concept) the mangrove destruction is counter-productive and these observations are therefore alarming for the aquaculturists as well. The low ratio (2.6 : 1) of remaining mangrove to shrimp pond area suggests that the industry may experience severe problems, particularly as mangrove areas continue to be reclaimed for aquaculture or other land uses, unless drastic measures are taken.