车路协同下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法

为降低两难区对信号控制交叉口交通安全的影响,针对车路协同环境下交通信息获取方式及交叉口区域车辆运行特点,提出信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法。在分析各种两难区问题改善措施的适用性基础上,确定车路协同环境下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法的工作流程,综合运用车速引导、动态绿灯时间延长和黄灯时间调整等3种措施降低车辆进入两难区的概率,并提出主要参数计算方法。运用Vissim软件进行仿真试验,结果表明,笔者建立的两难区问题改善方法能使车辆闯红灯次数平均降低78.1%,且改善效果在低峰流量时优于高峰流量时。     

基于ISO 26262的车道偏离预警系统概念设计与仿真

以道路车辆功能安全规范标准ISO 26262为准则,对汽车的车道偏离预警系统（LDWS）进行了概念设计。首先分析了ISO 26262功能安全规范概念阶段的活动内容,并在此基础上,完成车道偏离预警系统的项目定义、危险分析和评估,设计了功能安全概念的相关工作,确定了功能安全等级和安全目标。最后搭建了UML仿真模型对LDWS概念设计阶段进行仿真测试,测试结果表明此设计能够满足ISO 26262规范标准,实现了车道偏离预警系统的功能安全概念设计,对车道偏离预警系统的安全开发具有指导意义。     

震源车主动防侧翻预警系统研

为了防止震源车在野外行驶过程中发生侧翻事故,实现对震源车危险状态的提前预警,迫切需要开展震源车主动防侧翻预警系统研究。基于震源车不同工况下的侧倾稳定性分析,结合国内外现有车辆侧翻预警指标特点,采用多级判断原则,建立了一种能综合判断不同行驶工况的震源车侧翻预警指标A和主动防侧翻预警系统,并通过MATLAB/simulink软件对该预警系统进行仿真模拟分析。研究结果表明:震源车侧倾稳定性随转弯速度、转向角、坡度角等参数的增大而呈现降低趋势;同时,该预警系统能通过侧翻预警指标A实现对震源车平路转向和斜坡转向过程中的行驶状态进行准确判断,并发出不同级别的声光报警。此研究将为进一步开展震源车预警系统的试验研究奠定理论基础。     

广州机动车尾气中乙醛稳定碳同位素特征和排放因子

为了获得机动车排放源中乙醛的δ13C(稳定碳同位素丰度)特征及其影响因素,进行不同负荷下的发动机台架试验,采集不同怠速下的机动车尾气样品. 利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析乙醛δ13C值,并与ρ(乙醛)进行分析. 结果显示:①在发动机燃烧过程中,乙醛的生成和消除反应同时存在. 在发动机低负荷运行时,乙醛的δ13C分馏值为负(-1.4‰~-0.4‰),表明生成反应占主导;而在高负荷运行时,分馏值为正(0.5‰~1.3‰),表明消除反应占主导. ②乙醛的δ13C值与其质量浓度无明显相关性,主要受发动机燃烧温度和尾气净化装置的影响. 整车尾气中乙醛的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-24.4‰之间,平均值为-26.5‰±1.6‰. 其中,汽油车为-25.9‰~-24.4‰,平均值为-24.9‰±0.5‰;柴油车为-29.1‰~-27.0‰,平均值为-28.0‰±0.6‰. ③南方机动车尾气排放源与植物排放源中的乙醛的δ13C值范围不同,表明δ13C值可用于大气乙醛的源解析. 通过机动车尾气中c(乙醛)/c(CO₂)估算广州汽油车和轻型柴油车乙醛的排放因子,二者分别为(13±16)和(169±106)mg/L.      

重型柴油车PM2.5和碳氢化合物的排放特征

采用车载排放试验对国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ重型柴油车尾气在实际道路排放的PM2.5和碳氢化合物进行样品采集,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术、离子色谱仪和碳质分析仪对PM2.5各组分进行测试分析,采用五气分析仪对HC进行在线分析.结果表明,重型柴油车PM2.5和HC的排放因子分别为(0.22±0.12) g/km和(0.57±0.45) g/km,且排放因子随机动车排放标准的提高呈明显下降趋势.EC和OC是机动车尾气PM2.5的主要组分,分别占总质量百分比的38.87%~42.87%和16.22%~19.96%;水溶性离子中含量较为丰富的组分主要是SO42-、NH4+和NO3-,分别占总PM2.5质量百分比的7.64%~8.85%、2.22%~3.97%、1.91%~2.73%;元素中含量较高的组分为S、Na、Ca、Fe、和Al;PM2.5和HC的排放因子随车速的增加均呈下降趋势.     

T型街谷交叉路口机动车诱导下污染物传播规律

为了探究车辆转弯行驶对于T型街谷交叉路口处空气流动以及污染物扩散的影响,本文建立了该系统中车辆移动下空气流动与污染物传播耦合数学模型,采用计算流体力学方法,揭示T型街谷交叉路口处车辆诱导下的机械湍流特性,并且基于场协同理论量化了车速对污染物扩散的影响.结果表明,在不同速度的转弯过程中,转弯速度增加使得车辆诱导的湍动能也...     

Ce0.7Zr0.3O2纳米棒的制备及其对柴油车尾气碳颗粒的催化净化性能

本研究以硝酸铈、硝酸锆为原料使用溶剂热合成法,制备了CeO₂-ZrO₂纳米棒催化剂(Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)),并用于柴油车尾气碳颗粒催化净化.催化活性检测证实:Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)纳米棒催化剂可有效净化柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒.在Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)存在下,碳颗粒净化率为10%、50%和90%时,所需温度分别仅为375℃、414℃和455℃,比商用Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂和Ce0.3Zr0.7O2催化剂性能更优.采用氮吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术对催化剂进行表征.XRD和Raman结果证实,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)主要由立方相CeO₂构成,并掺杂了少量四方相氧化锆.SEM和TEM结果则显示,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂颗粒明显由纳米棒堆积而成,特定的纳米形貌会影响其对碳颗粒的催化氧化活性.XPS结果证明Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂主要具有晶格氧、化学氧和表面吸附氧等氧物种;晶格氧是碳颗粒氧化的活性氧物种,其溢流到催化剂表面可与碳颗粒接触从而提高反应活性;化学氧和表面吸附氧均为表面氧物种,极易与表面固体碳颗粒直接接触,从而可在较低温度下促进碳颗粒的净化.H₂-TPR结果进一步证实了XPS结果,Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂(NR)催化剂的低温还原温度比商用Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂催化剂更低,且含有更多的易还原氧物种,这些低温易还原氧物种可以在较低温度下参与催化反应,促进柴油车尾气颗粒物的低温催化净化.     

汽车使用乙醇汽油后排放污染物变化趋势

对汽车使用乙醇汽油后尾气中污染物的变化趋势进行了研究,结果表明使用乙醇汽油后,CO和碳氢化合物含量呈明显降低趋势,平均下降率为56.9%和38.2%;氮氧化物含量有所下降,平均下降率为15.0%;CO2含量有所升高,平均增长率为5.04%;苯系物含量明显降低,平均下降率在45.5%～53.1%;醛类的含量呈明显增加趋势,平均增长率在47.8%～293%;丙酮、丁酮的含量略有增加,增加幅度分别为、16.6%和25.3%。     

Ninety five percent: an evaluation of law, policy, and programs to promote seat belt use in Washington state

Seat belt use in Washington state was 83% in 2001. In 2002, a series of law, policy, and program initiatives coalesced to produce a dramatic increase in seat belt use. Washington enacted a primary enforcement seat belt, the Chief of the Washington State Patrol made safety belt enforcement one of the core missions of that agency, and Washington participated in the national Memorial Day Click It or Ticket program during May 2002 and continued the program into 2003. Evaluation of these initiatives was accomplished through observation surveys of seat belt use, analysis of seat belt violation data, and analysis of data on traffic deaths of motor vehicle occupants. The major findings were that there was a two- to three-fold increase in enforcement of the seat belt law, belt use rates increased to 93% in 2002 and again to 95% in 2003, and motor-vehicle occupant fatalities decreased by 13%. IMPACT ON PRACTICE AND POLICY: The primary seat belt law and Click It or Ticket program activities were critical factors in increasing belt use in Washington state. Media and enforcement programs targeting seat belt use can be very effective in raising the belt use rate, but a long-term commitment to continuation of these program activities is essential. Other states implementing new primary seat belt laws should consider delivering a Click It or Ticket campaign prior to the effective date of the primary law and continuing these activities during subsequent months and years.     

The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use

Seat belt laws by themselves led to increased belt use in the United States and Canada, but initial effects were limited. Canadian provincial officials launched highly publicized enforcement campaigns in the early 1980s that resulted in substantially increased belt use. Canadian-style enforcement programs subsequently were adopted in the United States, and the use of such programs has grown in recent years. Lessons from these efforts include the importance of police leadership, focused publicity about enforcement, and sustained rather than single-shot efforts. What is needed in the United States to achieve a national belt use rate of 90% or greater is widespread, methodical, and sustained application of enforcement programs augmented by creative publicity. Enhanced penalties-in particular drivers license points-likely will be needed to reach hard-core nonusers.