江苏省机动车“天地车人”一体化监控系统建设研究

构建江苏省“天地车人”一体化监控系统,利用道路遥感监测、定期排放检验、路检路查和停放地监督抽测、重型柴油车远程排放监控等手段发现高排放车辆,通过系统检测与维护(I/M)制度,对机动车进行全天候、全方位实时监控及闭环管理,同时开展非道路移动机械的登记和管理,并对5000 t以上的加油站进行油气回收在线监控。通过大数据分析开展机动车排放数据的深入挖掘,以期为重污染天气的应急管理及政府决策提供有效技术支撑。     

铵盐在典型大气污染过程中的变化特征及来源分析

为了解铵盐在大气中对重污染天气生成的重要作用,于2020年12月26—29日,利用在线单颗粒飞行时间质谱(SPAMS)和在线离子色谱(MARGA),对上海浦东新区一次典型的重污染天气过程进行分析.结果表明:本次污染过程主要与静稳天气下污染物的积聚,尤其是机动车尾气排放的累计效应,以及气态污染物二次转化过程有关.PM_2.5的高污染时段通常伴随着高浓度的硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,污染过程中NO^-₃、SO■、NH⁺₄最大小时质量浓度分别达到62.3、19.3和26.0μg·m^-3.对ns-NH⁺₄(过量铵根离子物质的量浓度)-NO^-₃之间的回归分析证明,多数情况下浦东大气中氨是富余的.污染高峰时段的主要污染源为机动车尾气源(36.7%)、扬尘源(24.4%)、二次无机源(15.0%),占比升幅最高的污染源为机动车尾气源.     

Miss-and-run: Factors contributing to two-vehicle phantom vehicle crashes in Florida

Objective: Phantom vehicle crashes (PVCs), or miss-and-run crashes, are a topical issue in car insurance coverage because of controversies over testimony and compensation. However, no peer-reviewed literature has examined the perceptions and deliberations involved in this infrequent type of car crash. A novel taxonomy of roadway traffic crashes is proposed in this study on the basis of whether physical collisions did occur (hit or miss) and whether the perpetrators stayed at the crash scene (stay or run). In this way, this study poses the issue of PVCs within the scope of traffic safety research and aims to investigate the statistically significant factors that are likely to induce PVCs.

Methods: A binary logistic regression method was adopted to model the probability and occurrence of 2-vehicle PVCs (TV-PVCs) in Florida. Data derived from the Crash Analysis Reporting system in 2012–2014 consisted of 45,319 2-vehicle crashes, of which 1,376 (3.04%) were confirmed as positive TV-PVCs. Sixteen factors with 50 variables on crash information, roadway characteristics, and environmental conditions were included in the original consideration of the TV-PVC model.

Results: The results indicated that a 2-vehicle crash is more likely to be a PVC when the crash happens on weekends, on roadways with no traffic control or speed control, full access control; on curving and sloping roadways; on roadways of National Highway System; and in low-density and other areas. A TV-PVC is less likely to occur on dry roads, in daylight, or at intersections or driveways. Moreover, alcohol involvement in a 2-vehicle crash is associated with hit-and-stay crashes than PVCs, and uninsured motorists are more likely to be the victims of PVCs because they tend to avoid physical collisions due to the potential self-paid loss.

Conclusions: Several conclusions for better understanding the occurrence of PVCs are proposed for traffic management departments and car insurers. Cautious driving behavior including concentrated attention and deliberate lane changes should be encouraged for motorists to engage in appropriate levels of driving freedom, and drunk driving should be strictly supervised to keep motorists behind the wheel conscious. Car insurance is encouraged to compensate for economic loss resulting from roadway crashes. Road monitoring systems with well-performing illumination devices are recommended to help drivers provide potent testimony for compensation claims.     

Situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan. We focused on vehicles with 4 or more wheels. Such characteristics included daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations.

Methods: Pedestrian fatality data on vehicle–pedestrian accidents were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) from 2005 to 2014. Nine vehicle classifications were considered: Trucks with gross vehicle weight (GVW) ≥7.5 tons and <7.5 tons, buses, box vans, minivans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), sedans, light passenger cars (LPCs), and light cargo vans (LCVs). We compared the situational daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations for accident-involved vehicles traveling at low and higher speeds across all vehicle types.

Results: The results indicate that pedestrian fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds occurred more often under daytime conditions across all vehicle types. At signalized intersections, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles were traveling at low speed, except when the accidents involved box vans or SUVs. Similarly, when vehicles turned right, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles traveling at low speed were involved across all vehicle types. In terms of the frontal right vehicle impact location, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when trucks with GVW ≥7.5 tons or <7.5 tons, sedans, or LCVs traveling at low speed were involved.

Conclusions: The situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds identified in this study can guide targeted development of new traffic safety regulations or technologies specific to vehicle–pedestrian interactions at low vehicle travel speeds (i.e., driver alert devices or automated emergency braking systems). Ultimately, these developments can improve pedestrian safety by reducing the frequency or severity of vehicle–pedestrian accidents for vehicles turning right at intersections and/or reducing the number of resultant pedestrian fatalities.     

A semi-automated tool for identifying agricultural roadway crashes in crash narratives

Objective: Crash reports contain precoded structured data fields and a crash narrative that can be a source of rich information not included in the structured data. The narrative can be useful for identifying vulnerable roadway users, such as agricultural workers. However, using the narratives often requires manual reviews that are time consuming and costly. The objective of this research was to develop a simple and relatively inexpensive, semi-automated tool for screening crash narratives and expediting the process of identifying crashes with specific characteristics, such as agricultural crashes.

Methods: Crash records for Louisiana from 2010 to 2015 were obtained from the Louisiana Department of Transportation (LaDOTD). Records with narratives were extracted and stratified by vehicle type. The majority of analyses focused on a vehicle type of farm equipment (Type T). Two keyword lists, an inclusion list and an exclusion list, were created based on the published literature, subject-matter experts, and findings from a pilot project. Next, a semi-automated tool was developed in Microsoft Excel to identify agricultural crashes. Lastly, the tool’s performance was assessed using a gold standard set of agricultural narratives identified through manual review.

Results: The tool reduced the search space (e.g., number of narratives that need manual review) for narratives requiring manual review from 6.7 to 59.4% depending on the research question. Sensitivity was high, with 96.1% of agricultural crash narratives being correctly classified. Of the gold standard agricultural narratives, 58.3% included an equipment keyword and 72.8% included a farm equipment brand.

Conclusion: This article provides information on how crash narratives can supplement structured crash data. It also provides an easy-to-implement method to facilitate incorporating narratives into safety research along with keyword lists for identifying agricultural crashes.     

新旧版美国四轮全地形车安全标准ANSI/SVIA 1分析与研究

本文通过对美国四轮ATV强制性安全标准ANSI/SVIA 1-2010与ANSI/SVIA 1-2007的分析研究,阐述了2010版标准中许多修改内容是对2007版标准编辑性的修改,其目的是改善标准清晰度和一致性;实质性修改主要包括8项,其目的主要是适应安全性要求。同时也提出我国ATV产品在设计、配置和性能等方面面临的技术壁垒和安全技术改进方向,这对我国ATV产品出口美国和制定国家、行业标准具有重要指导意义。     

事故车辆影响下的城市道路交通仿真研究

为研究事故车辆影响下城市道路交通的特征，构建考虑车辆抢道行为的元胞自动机交通流模型，研究给定冲突区域长度下不同进车率和不同事故持续时间对城市道路交通流的影响。研究结果表明:事故车辆会诱发交通瓶颈，对城市交通产生显著干扰并形成拥堵带，且拥堵带向事故车辆上游传递。不同事故持续时间下交通流演化存在差异，道路平均车流量、车流平均密度随着事故持续时间的增加而增加，车辆平均速度随之减小。当道路中车辆较少（pin=0.3）且事故持续时间达到15 min时，交通处于严重拥堵状态；当道路中车辆较多（pin=0.5）、事故持续时间达到5 min时，交通即处于严重拥堵状态。研究结果可为优化城市交通事故处理机制提供依据。     

Characterization of Shredder Residues generated and deposited in Denmark

This study presents a detailed characterization of Shredder residues (SR) generated and deposited in Denmark from 1990 to 2010. It represents approximately 85% of total Danish SR. A comprehensive sampling, size fractionation and chemical analysis was carried out on entire samples as well as on each individual size fraction. All significant elemental contents except oxygen were analyzed. The unexplained “balance” was subsequently explained by oxygen content in metal oxides, carbonates, sulphates and in organics, mainly cellulose. Using mass and calorific balance approaches, it was possible to balance the composition and, thereby, estimate the degree of oxidation of elements including metals. This revealed that larger fractions (>10 mm, 10–4 mm, 4–1 mm) contain significant amount of valuable free metals for recovery. The fractionation revealed that the >10 mm coarse fraction was the largest amount of SR being 35–40% (w/w) with a metal content constituting about 4–9% of the total SR by weight and the <1 mm fine fraction constituted 27–37% (w/w) of the total weight. The lower heat value (LHV) of SR samples over different time periods (1990–2010) was between 7 and 17 MJ/kg, declining with decreasing particle size. The SR composition is greatly dependent on the applied shredding and post shredding processes at the shredding plants causing some variations. There are uncertainties related to sampling and preparation of samples for analyses due to its heterogeneous nature and uncertainties in the chemical analyses results (≈15–25%). This exhaustive characterization is believed to constitute hitherto the best data platform for assessing potential value and feasibility of further resource recovery from SR.     

机动车尾气污染暴露评价方法的研究进展

本文综述了近年来近似评估方法、模型评价方法、污染物监测法以及生物标志检测法在机动车尾气污染暴露评价中的应用和研究,并对该领域的研究前景进行了分析和展望.     

Evaluating the PM damage cost due to urban air pollution and vehicle emissions in Seoul, Korea

This study evaluated the prospective damage costs of PM(2.5) inhalation. We performed a health risk assessment based on an exposure-response function to estimate the annual population risk in the Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Also, we estimated a willingness-to-pay (WTP) amount for reducing the mortality rate in order to evaluate a statistical life value. We combined the annual population risk and the value-of-statistical-life to calculate the damage cost estimate. In the health risk assessment, we applied the PM(2.5) relative risk to evaluate the annual population risk. We targeted an exposure population of 5,401,369 persons who were over the age of 30. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation for uncertainty analysis, we estimated that the population risk of PM(2.5) inhalation during a year in Seoul is 2181 premature deaths for acute exposure and 18,510 premature deaths for chronic exposure. The monthly average WTP for 5/1000 mortality reduction over ten years is $20.20 USD (95% C.I: $16.60-24.50) and the implied value-of-statistical-life (VSL) is $485,000 USD (95% C.I: $398,000-588,000). The damage cost estimate due to risk from PM(2.5) inhalation in Seoul is about $1057 million USD per year for acute exposure, and $8972 million USD per year for chronic exposure. It is important to note that this cost estimate does not reflect all health damage cost estimates in this urban area. This recommendation is a model for evaluating a mortality risk reduction and as such we must re-evaluate an integrated application of morbidity risk.