机动车与环境

机动车是城市最主要的交通工具。目前全世界拥有的机动车数量已经是6亿辆,全世界石油资源消耗的一半是用于交通运输的燃料消耗。全世界的机动车每年抛向大气层的温室气体CO2为40亿t,是人类活动排放总量的20%。由机动车所排放的PM、HC和NOX等污染物对人体健康构成了严重威胁。世界上石油资源的储量有限,氢能机动车尤其是质子交换膜燃料电池汽车是未来最理想的选择。     

甲醇燃料汽车非常规排放成分测量装置的设计

根据朗伯-比尔吸收定律和气体对红外线的选择性吸收规律,提出用红外法检测甲醇燃料汽车非常规排放成分含量的方法。设计了甲醇燃料汽车非常规排放成分红外测量装置,给出实施控制电路,主要用于对甲醇、甲醛、甲酸、苯等浓度进行检测分析,补偿修正了大气压力和环境温度对于测量结果的影响,最终实现测量结果的显示和打印输出。     

江苏省机动车排放监管现状与对策建议

简述了江苏省机动车排放监管现状,从监管制度、检验市场、执法能力、技术手段等方面分析了存在的问题,提出了加快健全监管制度体系、利用科技手段促进监管提质增效、提升检验技术水平与执法监管能力、通过信用评定创新执法管理手段等对策建议.     

中国机动车排放模型的研究与展望

通过介绍美国环保局(USEPA)颁布的机动车源排放模型(MOBILE)的发展、分类及最新模型版本,提出了根据这一思路开发的中国机动车排放模型.重点介绍了机动车类型划分、基本排放因子测试及有关修正因子的确定等.      

汽车使用乙醇汽油后醛酮类变化趋势的研究

对汽车使用乙醇汽油后尾气中9种醛和酮含量的变化趋势进行了研究,结果表明,汽车使用乙醇汽油后,尾气中甲醛、丙烯醛和正戊醛的含量显著增加,增长率分别为293%、186%和192%,其它几种醛类的含量亦呈明显增加趋势,平均增长率在47.8%～92.1%;丙酮、丁酮的含量有所增加,增加幅度分别为16.6%和25.3%。     

公路隧道机动车流量调查及其构成特点

报道了谭峪沟隧道和梧桐山隧道实验中机动车流量及其变化的调查和分析结果,得出了机动车流量的日变化趋势及车辆构成特点,并对其可能造成的环境影响进行了探讨.      

公路隧道实验调查交通来源空气污染方法

采用公路隧道实验方法来调查交通来源空气的污染,笔者在中国北方和南方公路隧道内进行了气态污染物和大气颗粒物的监测,气态污染物和大气颗粒物为多点位同步监测,气态污染物包括CO,SO₂,NO_x和VOCs等,大气颗粒物包括TSP,PM₁₀,PM_2.5和粒径浓度谱分布等.同时,还调查和分析了隧道内机动车流量、能见度和气象因子.利用上述分析和测定结果,可以综合地研究交通来源污染及其对环境的影响.      

Legislating child restraint usage -Its effect on self-reported child restraint use rates in a central city

Objective

To assess the effect of the newly enacted child passenger safety law, Wisconsin Act 106, on self-report of proper restraint usage of children in Milwaukee's central city population.

Method

A prospective, non-randomized study design was used. The settings used were (a) a pediatric urban health center, and (b) two Women, Infants and Children offices in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Participants included 11,566 surveys collected over 18 months that spanned the pre-legislation and post-legislation time periods from February 2006 through August 2008.

Results

The study set out to assess appropriate child passenger restraint. The results showed that the changes in adjusted proper restraint usage rates for infants between the pre-law, grace period, and post-fine periods were 94%, 94%, and 94% respectively. For children 1-3 years old, the adjusted proper usage rates were 65%, 63%, and 59%, respectively. And for children 4-7 years old, the rates were 43%, 44% and 42%, respectively. There was a significant increase in premature booster seat use in children who should have been restrained in a rear- or forward-facing car seat (10% pre-law, 12% grace period, 20% post-fine; p < 0.0005). There was no statistically significant change over time in unrestrained children (2.1%, 1.7%, 1.7%, p = 0.7, respectively).

Conclusions

The passage of a strengthened child passenger safety law with fines did not significantly improve appropriate restraint use for 0-7 year olds, and appropriate use in 1-7 year olds remained suboptimal with a majority of urban children inappropriately restrained. Although the number of unrestrained children decreased, we identified an unintended consequence of the legislation - a significant increase in the rate of premature belt-positioning booster seat use among poor, urban children.

Impact on Industry

The design of child restraint systems maximizes protection of the child. Increasing reports of misuse is a call to those who manufacture these child passenger restraints to improve advertising and marketing to the correct age group, ease of installation, and mechanisms to prevent incorrect safety strap and harness placement. To ensure accurate and consistent use on every trip, car seat manufacturers must ensure that best practice recommendations for use as well as age, weight, and height be clearly specified on each child restraint. The authors support the United States Department of Transportation's new consumer program that will assist caregivers in identifying the child seat that will fit in their vehicle. In addition, due to the increase in premature graduation of children into belt-positioning booster seats noted as a result of legislation, promoting and marketing booster seat use for children less than 40 pounds should not be accepted. Child passenger safety technicians must continue to promote best practice recommendations for child passenger restraint use and encourage other community leaders to do the same.     

考虑区域特点和车型差异的氢燃料电池汽车全生命周期减碳预测分析

发展氢燃料电池汽车是我国实现“双碳”战略的重要路径之一,目前我国多个区域正在推广应用包括乘用车、客车以及重卡在内的氢燃料电池汽车,如何量化研究未来不同车型和不同区域的氢燃料电池汽车减碳潜力成为如今的研究热点之一.基于全生命周期的评价方法,考虑了未来的汽车燃油经济性、电力碳排放因子、氢能碳排放因子和氢燃料电池汽车推广规模及制氢方式的区域差异,量化评价了不同类型的氢燃料电池汽车（FCV）、传统燃油汽车（ICEV）和纯电动汽车（BEV）的全生命周期碳排放量（以CO₂当量计）,对比分析了氢燃料电池汽车在不同时间及不同区域的减碳潜力,并对百公里氢耗量进行了不确定性分析.结果发现,到2025年氢燃料电池客车的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油客车降低36.0%,而氢燃料电池重卡相较于传统燃油重卡并没有减碳效益.随着未来我国氢能来源结构的不断优化,到2035年氢燃料电池重卡的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油重卡降低36.5%,相较于乘用车和客车两种车型,其减碳效益是最明显的.以2035年京津冀示范群为例,随着百公里氢耗量降低20%,FCV乘用车、客车和重卡的减碳规模分别增加了7.29%、9.93%和19.57%.因此建议氢燃料电池汽车推广应短期以客车为主,长期以重卡为主,乘用车推广作为补充.分区域和分阶段推广氢燃料电池汽车更有助于推进我国汽车领域的低碳化进程.     

基于数据驱动的汽车部件温度预测模型研究

目的 基于某汽车在中国吐鲁番地区自然暴露的部件温度变化试验数据,预测该车在美国凤凰城地区气象环境下的汽车部件温度变化。方法 把汽车部件的温度作为输出变量,提取影响汽车部件温度变化的关键特征(试验时间、大气温度、太阳辐照)作为输入变量,同时运用公式对不同纬度地区部件受到的太阳辐照进行修正,以消除地理位置的影响。利用Python等软件构建机器学习模型,用吐鲁番试验数据训练模型,然后预测该车部件在美国凤凰城地区的温度变化。结果 梯度提升机模型具有良好的泛化能力和预测精度,其预测值与实际值的平均绝对误差均在3.3°以内,拟合优度R²均大于0.90。BP神经网络和随机森林算法模型也具有较好的预测精度。结论 利用汽车在我国试验站点进行的自然暴露试验数据,可以预测该汽车部件在国外相似地区气象条件下的温度变化。该研究对于依据汽车部件在我国的自然暴露试验结果预测其他国家相似地区自然环境下汽车部件的温度变化具有一定的指导意义。