航空相机载荷舱热环境分析

目的详细分析航空相机主体热设计的关键边界条件--航空相机载荷舱的热环境。方法通过载荷舱的热平衡方程,分析影响载荷舱热环境的主要因素,系统地总结适用于工程应用的分析方法。结果对于辐射热环境需考虑大气透明度、地面状况等因素,对流热环境可采用Hilbert提出的经验表达式计算载荷舱背风面的对流换热系数,气动热环境采用Eckert参考焓法估算载荷舱的气动热是合适的,且宜采用电热防冰系统及热空气加热防结露系统。结论该研究结果是航空相机主体热设计的基础,适用于对各类航空相机载荷舱热环境分析和环境控制系统设计。     

Modeling and predicting low-speed vehicle emissions as a function of driving kinematics

An instantaneous emission model was developed to model and predict the real driving emissions of the low-speed vehicles. The emission database used in the model was measured by using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) under actual traffic conditions in the rural area, and the characteristics of the emission data were determined in relation to the driving kinematics (speed and acceleration) of the low-speed vehicle. The input of the emission model is driving cycle, and the model requires instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels as input variables and uses them to interpolate the pollutant emission rate maps to calculate the transient pollutant emission rates, which will be accumulated to calculate the total emissions released during the whole driving cycle. And the vehicle fuel consumption was determined through the carbon balance method. The model predicted the emissions and fuel consumption of an in-use low-speed vehicle type model, which agreed well with the measured data.     

重型车低负荷运行特征及NOx排放特性

利用远程监控数据分析了北京国六重型柴油城市用车在低负荷运行特征和排放特征,并选取了一台满足国六排放标准的6L柴油机,结合发动机在环方法在发动机台架上开展了国六法规循环(WHTC)和加州低负荷循环(LLC)的排放试验,对比分析了低负荷循环下的氮氧化物(NO_x)排放特性。结果表明:国六城市柴油车的低负荷运行时间长,并且低负荷运行阶段NO_x排放占比高。加州构建的LLC循环能够能反映长时间运行在低负荷以及长时间怠速造成排温降低导致NO_x转化效率降低的实际情况。LLC循环下的NO_x排放很高,主要原因是由于排温较低所致。中国也应该根据商用车实际行驶特征,开发低负荷工况来控制低负荷条件下的NO_x排放。但由于车辆载荷对NO_x转化效率和NO_x排放有较大影响,因此开发低负荷工况时,需要考虑载荷设置。     

疫情背景下的福建省高速公路机动车污染物排放清单

机动车排放污染物已经成为大气污染的重要来源.基于福建省高速公路交通流量数据,采用自下而上的计算方法建立了2020年1—7月福建省高速公路机动车高分辨率污染物排放清单.结果表明,受疫情影响,福建省高速公路月均车流量和污染物排放量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,4月污染物排放量达到最低,5月污染物排放量又迅速恢复到疫情前的排放水平,其中,疫情中期污染物CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放较疫情后期分别减少了90.68%、89.06%、92.58%、89.58%和89.63%.在整个研究期内,不同城市高速公路机动车污染物排放的分担率有所不同,泉州、福州和漳州的高速公路机动车排放分担率较高;从车型来看,小型客车和轻型货车是CO和HC的主要贡献车型,NO_x和PM主要来自重型货车和轻型货车;从燃料类型来看,汽油车是CO和HC的主要贡献源,柴油车则对NO_x和PM贡献突出;从排放标准来看,国三和国四车对各项污染物的贡献率最大.各项污染物空间分布一致,排放高值区位于东部沿海地区路段,西部内陆的...     

天津市机动车二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

通过隧道实验得到天津市机动车排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的物种信息及各物种的浓度数据,检测得到88种VOCs,其中23种VOCs具有二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势.基于天津市机动车尾气挥发性有机污染物的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数(FAC)对天津市机动车排放VOCs的二次有机气溶胶生成潜势进行了估算.结果表明,邻-二甲苯、甲苯、苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯、对-二乙苯是对SOA生成贡献最大的6个物种,各自SOA生成量分别为973.97,721.05,687.31,592.09,571.31,538.59t/a,分别占SOA生成潜势的13.87%、10.27%、9.79%、8.43%、8.13%、7.67%;芳香烃是对SOA生成贡献最大的前体物,其SOA生成量占SOA生成潜势的88.95%.因此,减少机动车芳香烃类物质的排放,可有效地减少SOA的生成量.     

基于浮动车数据的机动车排放实时测算模型

根据浮动车检测技术可针对单车采集,所收集数据中的平均速度按照采样间隔连续的特点,利用道路实测数据建立了面向其应用的轻型车尾气排放实时测算模型.模型中引入平均速度增量(ASI)指标对平均速度进行细分,并以其来反映相同平均速度下的排放变化.结果表明,与实测数据相比,模型对CO2的计算误差在10%以内;NOx、HC和CO的计算误差在15%以内.同时提出了模型使用方法,可以实现对路网中交通尾气污染的实时测算和动态评估.     

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

Development of database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors for China

A database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors, based on type and technology, has been developed following tests on more than 300 diesel vehicles in China using a portable emission measurement system. The database provides better understanding of diesel vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions. We found that although new regulations have reduced real-world emission levels of diesel trucks and buses significantly for most pollutants in China,NO_x emissions have been inadequately controlled by the current standards, especially for diesel buses, because of bad driving conditions in the real world. We also compared the emission factors in the database with those calculated by emission factor models and used in inventory studies. The emission factors derived from COPERT (Computer Programmer to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) and MOBILE may both underestimate real emission factors, whereas the updated COPERT and PART5 (Highway Vehicle Particulate Emission Modeling Software) models may overestimate emission factors in China. Real-world measurement results and emission factors used in recent emission inventory studies are inconsistent, which has led to inaccurate estimates of emissions from diesel trucks and buses over recent years. This suggests that emission factors derived from European or US-basedmodels will not truly represent real-world emissions in China. Therefore, it is useful and necessary to conduct systematic real-world measurements of vehicle emissions in China in order to obtain the optimum inputs for emission inventory models.     

不同破损程度下军用车辆镀锌钢板腐蚀行为研究

目的研究军用车辆不同破损程度下的镀锌板腐蚀行为。方法以3.5%Na Cl溶液为实验介质,利用开路电位、电化学阻抗谱及动电位极化曲线技术进行研究。结果镀锌钢板的开路电位比基板低约0.3 V,镀层腐蚀速度随着破损率的增加逐渐增大,基板的腐蚀速度最低。结论镀锌层的腐蚀对破损试样基体起重要的保护作用。     

机动车尾气污染与防治措施研究

改善空气质量,减少机动车尾气对雾霾的贡献已是当务之急.防治机动车尾气污染,关键是国家应制定和完善相应的法律、法规、规章和标准,出台鼓励新能源机动车的研发、生产、销售的优惠政策.环保部门要把住机动车环保检测第一关,严格机动车环保绿色标志的发放,会同工商部门对油品实行日常监管,加强环保宣传、提高人们的环保意识.公安、环保联动执法,杜绝超标车上路,淘汰黄标车.政府相关部门要科学规划和绿化城市道路.