VOC composition of current motor vehicle fuels and vapors, and collinearity analyses for receptor modeling

The formulation of motor vehicle fuels can alter the magnitude and composition of evaporative and exhaust emissions occurring throughout the fuel cycle. Information regarding the volatile organic compound (VOC) composition of motor fuels other than gasoline is scarce, especially for bioethanol and biodiesel blends. This study examines the liquid and vapor (headspace) composition of four contemporary and commercially available fuels: gasoline (<10% ethanol), E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline), ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), and B20 (20% soy-biodiesel and 80% ULSD). The composition of gasoline and E85 in both neat fuel and headspace vapor was dominated by aromatics and n-heptane. Despite its low gasoline content, E85 vapor contained higher concentrations of several VOCs than those in gasoline vapor, likely due to adjustments in its formulation. Temperature changes produced greater changes in the partial pressures of 17 VOCs in E85 than in gasoline, and large shifts in the VOC composition. B20 and ULSD were dominated by C₉ to C₁₆n-alkanes and low levels of the aromatics, and the two fuels had similar headspace vapor composition and concentrations. While the headspace composition predicted using vapor-liquid equilibrium theory was closely correlated to measurements, E85 vapor concentrations were underpredicted. Based on variance decomposition analyses, gasoline and diesel fuels and their vapors VOC were distinct, but B20 and ULSD fuels and vapors were highly collinear. These results can be used to estimate fuel related emissions and exposures, particularly in receptor models that apportion emission sources, and the collinearity analysis suggests that gasoline- and diesel-related emissions can be distinguished.     

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the urban atmosphere

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in air has been well known as the indicator of photochemical smog due to its frequent occurrences in Seoul metropolitan area. This study was implemented to assess the distribution characteristics of atmospheric PAN in association with relevant parameters measured concurrently. During a full year period in 2011, PAN was continuously measured at hourly intervals at two monitoring sites, Gwang Jin (GJ) and Gang Seo (GS) in the megacity of Seoul, South Korea. The annual mean concentrations of PAN during the study period were 0.64 ± 0.49 and 0.57 ± 0.46 ppb, respectively. The seasonal trends of PAN generally exhibited dual peaks in both early spring and fall, regardless of sites. Their diurnal trends were fairly comparable to each other. There was a slight time lag (e.g., 1 h) in the peak occurrence pattern between O₃ and PAN, as the latter trended to peak after the maximum UV irradiance period (16:00 (GJ) and 17:00 (GS)). The concentrations of PAN generally exhibited strong correlations with particulates. The results of this study suggest that PAN concentrations were affected sensitively by atmospheric stability, the wet deposition of NO₂, wind direction, and other factors.     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜生物反应器净化复合芳香族VOCs

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器(HFMBR)去除气态复合苯系物。挂膜后期,生物反应器的去除效率可以稳定达到80%左右(去除能力(EC)≥225 g/(m3.h))。研究了中空纤维膜生物反应器处理对于单一二甲苯以及混合二甲苯的性能,并且发现HFMBR对于去除单一二甲苯和混合二甲苯都有明显的效果,去除效率均达到90%以上;表明二甲苯之间竞争效应带来的相互抑制作用小。在低浓度的情况下,单一二甲苯和混合二甲苯的去除能力呈线性增加,在高浓度阶段,去除能力增加变缓。比较了混合二甲苯与甲苯联合降解,发现两者之间存在相互抑制作用,但相比传统生物反应器有明显的改善。与传统生物过滤系统比较而言,膜生物反应器有着很好的应用前景。     

中空纤维膜吸收甲苯气体

采用疏水性聚偏氟乙烯(PDVF)中空纤维膜为气液接触膜,n-甲酰吗啉(NFM)水溶液为吸收剂,研究了膜吸收技术分离甲苯/空气混合气的性能。考察了进气气体浓度、气体停留时间、吸收液体积分数和吸收液流量等诸因素对分离性能的影响。研究结果表明,膜吸收技术可以有效地分离甲苯/空气混合气,甲苯去除率可达90%;提高NFM吸收液的浓度和流量可同时增加甲苯的去除效率η和总传质系数K;气体停留时间的减小导致η降低,K反而增大;进气甲苯浓度的增加导致η下降,同时降低总传质系数K。     

二级膜分离—冷凝—吸附工艺处理石化罐区废气

采用二级膜分离—冷凝—变压吸附工艺回收处理含有高浓度挥发性有机物和苯系物的炼厂罐区外排“呼吸气”。结果表明,进气的非甲烷总烃质量浓度范围41 000~182 000 mg/m³,进气中苯、甲苯和二甲苯的质量浓度分别为400~1 400 mg/m³,150~1 600 mg/m³,300~2 100 mg/m³时,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度始终低于80 mg/m³,去除率均高于99.9%,苯、甲苯和二甲苯的去除率分别为99.6%、99.6%和99.8%。抗冲击负荷实验将进气量提高50%,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度仍低于80 mg/m³。二级膜单元可以高效浓缩轻烃,既回收获得可燃气,又解决了轻烃积累所造成的尾气超标难题。     

用修正的E-L模型描述二元VOCs气体在活性炭上的吸附平衡

对不同VOCs气体二元吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,对于甲苯-苯、甲苯-乙酸乙酯、甲苯-丙酮、丙酮-乙酸乙酯及苯-丙酮二元吸附体系,吸附过程存在置换现象,即随着高沸点组分在床层内吸附量的逐渐增加,相对挥发性大的低沸点组分更易脱附,出现高沸点组分置换低沸点组分的现象,表现为被置换组分的穿透曲线上出现峰值;但对于苯-乙酸乙...     

中国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放因子及排放清单的建立

VOCs是国家重要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,建筑涂料是我国大气VOCs的重要来源.由于经济的发展及城镇化水平提高,住宅及其他房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,对建筑涂料的需求不断增加,建筑涂料VOCs污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关建筑涂料VOCs排放因子及量化其排放量的研究相对较少.本文建立一套自下而上的建筑涂料VOCs排放清单估算方法,通过实测建筑涂料中VOCs及总结梳理国内有关建筑涂料VOCs含量的相关研究,获取了各类型建筑涂料VOCs排放因子,结合建筑涂料使用量,编制了我国2013～2016年建筑涂料VOCs排放清单.结果表明:①水性内墙涂料VOCs排放因子为24. 63 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型外墙涂料分别为17. 5 g·kg~(-1)和298. 8 g·kg~(-1),水性、反应固化型和溶剂型防水涂料分别为2. 75、87. 86和400 g·kg~(-1),水性、无溶剂型与溶剂型地坪涂料分别为86. 2、25. 24和317 g·kg~(-1),水性和溶剂型防腐涂料分别为31. 95 g·kg~(-1)和464. 61 g·kg~(-1),水性与溶剂型防火涂料分别为59. 7 g·kg~(-1)和347. 2 g·kg~(-1).②2013～2016我国建筑涂料使用VOCs排放量分别为25. 59万t、28. 75万t、31. 97万t和34. 8万t,呈增长趋势.③2016年建筑涂料使用排放VOCs 34. 8万t中,地坪涂料贡献率最大,排放量为7. 87万t,占22. 61%,其次是外墙涂料排放量为6. 49万t,占18. 65%,防火和防腐涂料作为功能性涂料,排放量分别为6. 45万t和5. 08万t,分别占18. 53%与14. 6%,防水涂料和内墙涂料排放量分别为4. 61万t和4. 3万t,分别占13. 25%和12. 36%.④2016年水性建筑涂料使用量为488. 94万t,VOCs排放量为9. 79万t,VOCs平均排放因子为20. 02 g·kg~(-1),溶剂型建筑涂料使用量为63. 65万t,VOCs排放量为22. 72万t,VOCs平均排放因子为356. 95 g·kg~(-1),减少溶剂型涂料的使用有利于消减VOCs排放,建筑涂料进一步水性化是降低VOCs排放的趋势.⑤在空间分布上,建筑涂料使用VOCs排放主要集中在山东、江苏、浙江、河南、四川、广东以及河北等人口数量多的省份,山东省排放量最大,约占9. 36%,江苏省次之,约占8. 54%.     

化学洗脱法去除生物过滤塔中菌体的研究

研究生物量控制技术对于提高生物过滤法处理VOCs气体的长期运行性能具有重要意义.用4套平行的生物过滤塔处理甲苯气体,考察了NaOH溶液对生物过滤塔中菌体的去除效果及其对过滤塔去除甲苯性能的影响.NaOH循环洗脱的试验结果表明,在0.2%～0.8%的NaOH浓度范围内,适宜的循环洗脱持续时间为2～3 h.在4个试验浓度下,浓度为0.4%的NaOH溶液对菌体的去除效果最佳,此时菌体洗脱以脱附作用为主.对不同化学洗脱方式进行综合比较发现,循环洗脱是较为适宜的化学洗脱方式.对过滤塔甲苯去除性能的监测表明,洗脱后过滤塔的去除性能可在3～4 d内恢复,不同浓度NaOH对去除性能的影响差别不大.     

活性炭吸附挥发性有机化合物的研究进展

由于挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)对人类健康和生态环境的危害巨大,因此VOCs控制技术的研究显得尤为重要.活性炭吸附法具有技术成熟、操作简单、净化效率高、能耗低以及可回收等优势,是净化VOCs最经济、有效的方法之一.主要综述了活性炭在脱除VOCs方面的研究进展,包括活性炭的制备和改性技术及其对VOCs的吸附性能、活性炭吸...     

动态稀释法在汽车涂装行业固定污染源挥发性有机物测定中的应用

介绍了固定污染源中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要采样方法,并重点介绍了动态稀释法在固定污染源中采样的应用。采用动态稀释法取样,对某汽车企业涂装车间的排放废气进行了定性分析,并对其中主要的10种VOCs进行了定量分析。研究了方法测定的稳定性,10种化合物相对标准偏差为9%~32%,符合工况变动范围。将不同采样时间及不同吸附材料的测定结果与在线监控数据进行比较,结果显示动态稀释法的测定结果均在实际工况波动范围内,说明该方法能够较好地满足汽车涂装行业VOCs的采样要求。