土壤改良剂对油菜富集238U、226 Ra及232 Th的影响

通过网室盆栽试验,研究了施加磷矿粉(PR)、羟基磷矿粉(HA)、豆渣(SM)、骨碳(BC)及硫酸亚铁等土壤改良剂对油菜(Brassica oleracea L.)自铀矿区污染农田土壤吸收铀(238U)、镭(226Ra)及钍(232Th)的影响.结果表明,不同处理下油菜茎叶对238U、226Ra及232Th的富集系数分别在3.6×10-3～6.2×10-3、6.2×10-3～10.0×10-3及0.9×10-4～2.0×10-4之间.上述不同改良剂处理均能在一定程度上降低植物对238U、226Ra及232Th的吸收,以SM、HA处理效果较显著,其中SM处理下238U、226Ra及232Th的富集系数分别比对照降低42.9%、39%和71%.SM及HA对降低铀矿区污染土壤中植物对上述核素的吸收和富集具有潜在的应用价值.     

Plutonium isotopes in surface air of Prague in 1986–2006

Monitoring of ^239,240Pu in surface air of Prague started in 1986 in connection with the Chernobyl accident. Measurable activities of 10–28 μBq m⁻³ were found from 29 April 1986 to 5 May 1986. In the most of the monitoring periods of 1987–1996, activities of ^239,240Pu in air were not measurable. Positive values for ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸Pu in air could be obtained after installation of an aerosol sampler with higher flow-rate in 1997. Activity concentrations of ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸Pu in Prague air in the most of quarters of 1997–2006 were in the range 0.53–5.06 and <0.16–1.10 nBq m⁻³, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations can be found in content of ^239,240Pu in air. Activity ratios of ²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu in air are higher than those in top soil, so it can be supposed that ²³⁸Pu is coming to air of Prague also from other sources than resuspension of fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests.     

Uranium isotopes in groundwater from the continental intercalaire aquifer in Algerian Tunisian Sahara (Northern Africa)

The disequilibrium between ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U is commonly used as a tracer of groundwater flow. This paper aims to identify uranium contents and uranium isotopic disequilibria variation in groundwater sampled from deep Continental Intercalaire aquifer (southern Algeria and Tunisia). Large variations in both U contents (0.006–3.39 ppb) and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios (0.4–15.38) are observed. We conduct a first assessment in order to verify whether the results of our investigation support and complete previous hydrogeological and isotopic studies. The dissolved U content and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio data were plotted on a two-dimensional diagram that was successfully utilized on sharing the CI aquifer into different compartments submitted to different oxidising/reducing conditions and leads also to distinguished two preferential flow paths in the Nefzaoua/Chott Fejej discharge area. Uranium isotopes disequilibrium indicate that ranium chemistry is mainly controlled by water–rock interaction enhanced by long residence time recognised for this aquifer.     

Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: a review

Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides, i.e. of ⁴⁰K and of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and their decay products. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the released into the environment of some natural radioactivity (1.48 TBq y⁻¹), the major part of which (99 %) escapes as very fine particles, while the rest in fly ash. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured in coals originated from coal mines in Greece varied from 117 to 435 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 44 to 255 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 59 to 227 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. Fly ash escapes from the stacks of coal-fired power plants in a percentage of 3-1% of the total fly ash, in the better case. The natural radionuclide concentrations measured in fly ash produced and retained or escaped from coal-fired power plants in Greece varied from 263 to 950 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 142 to 605 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 204 to 382 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. About 5% of the total ash produced in the coal-fired power plants is used as substitute of cement in concrete for the construction of dwellings, and may affect indoor radiation doses from external irradiation and the inhalation of radon decay products (internal irradiation) is the most significant. The resulting normalized collective effective doses were 6 and 0.5 man-Sv (GW a)⁻¹ for typical old and modern coal-fired power plants, respectively.     

我国陆地表层土壤的238Pu水平和溯源分析

基于我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu本底水平数据缺少的问题,分析了采自全国多个地区陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu的比活度.结果表明,我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu比活度很低,范围在0.007~0.045Bq/kg,²³⁸Pu/^239+240Pu活度比范围为0.032~0.041,这些数值均与周边国家和中纬度地区的报道值接近.根据二元模型对我国陆地表层土壤的²³⁸Pu来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu主要来源于核试验的全球沉降和SNAP-9A的沉降.     

Doses of external exposure in Jordan house due to gamma-emitting natural radionuclides in building materials

The use of building materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides as ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U and their progeny results in external exposures of the residents of such buildings. In the present study, indoor dose rates for a typical Jordan concrete room are calculated using Monte Carlo method. Uniform chemical composition of the walls, floor and ceiling as well as uniform mass concentrations of the radionuclides in walls, floor and ceiling are assumed.Using activity concentrations of natural radionuclides typical for the Jordan houses and assuming them to be in secular equilibrium with their progeny, the maximum annual effective doses are estimated to be 0.16, 0.12 and 0.22 mSv a⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th- and ²³⁸U-series, respectively. In a total, the maximum annual effective indoor dose due to external γ-radiation is 0.50 mSv a⁻¹. Additionally, organ dose coefficients are calculated for all organs considered in ICRP Publication 74. Breast, skin and eye lenses have the maximum equivalent dose rate values due to indoor exposures caused by the natural radionuclides, while equivalent dose rates for uterus, colon (LLI) and small intestine are found to be the smallest. More specifically, organ dose rates (nSv a⁻¹ per Bq kg⁻¹) vary from 0.044 to 0.060 for ⁴⁰K, from 0.44 to 0.60 for radionuclides from ²³⁸U-series and from 0.60 to 0.81 for radionuclides from ²³²Th-series.The obtained organ and effective dose conversion coefficients can be conveniently used in practical dose assessment tasks for the rooms of similar geometry and varying activity concentrations and local-specific occupancy factors.     

我国东北地区土壤铀同位素水平、分布和来源

系统采集了我国东北地区132个表层土壤样品,采用混合酸全溶分解样品,使用UTEVA萃取色谱分离样品溶液中的铀,应用串联四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS/MS）测量样品溶液中²³⁸U、²³⁵U、²³⁴U,获得了研究区域表层土壤中3种铀同位素浓度水平和分布.首次大范围报道该地区表土中²³⁴U水平,发现在部分土壤中²³⁴U发生明显的同位素分馏.²³⁵U/²³⁸U原子比值分布显示区域大气核武器试验的放射性颗粒物在山脉迎风坡有明显沉积,导致大兴安岭等山脉的西侧²³⁵U/²³⁸U原子比值较高.但该区域铀同位素整体上处于环境本底水平,受人类核活动影响较小.来源分析表明研究区域表土中铀主要来源于成土母岩的岩石风化以及人类的工业和农业活动.     

某铀矿区周边土壤238U和226Ra分布特征及污染评价

为查清某铀矿区周边土壤污染源项的污染强度及范围,对需要治理的污染源进行量化,对该铀矿周边土壤0.0~0.2,0.2~0.4,0.4~0.6,0.6~0.8,0.8~1.0m土层土壤中放射性核素²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra活度进行现场调研和统计分析（水平土壤正态分布、箱型图、Q-Q图）,其表明放射性核素污染的空间分布特征及有效性影响,利用²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U反映风化程度.结果表明：在0.0~0.2m土壤深度,²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度最高,分别为813.44~5059.20,737~4536Bq/kg,随深度增加²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U浓度呈减小趋势,0.6~1.0m深度²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度均超美国核管会（NRC）铀矿和水冶设施退役中残存放射性核素的土壤去污标准浓度（370Bq/kg）,因此,针对研究区的土壤治理,厚度选取应不小于1m.污染评价结果表明：研究区属重度-极重度污染、强生态风险危害的土壤面积占比最高,随距铀矿区距离增加,²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U污染程度降低,潜在生态危害减小.     

帕米尔高原冰川流域碎屑颗粒的铀同位素组成及其对沉积物搬运的指示

铀(U)同位素作为一种新的地球化学示踪手段,被逐渐用于研究陆地和海洋沉积物的搬运过程。然而,这一新技术能否有效指示不同环境中各类沉积物的搬运还需更多流域数据的支持。本文选取位于帕米尔高原东北部具有显著海拔梯度和气候差异的盖孜河冰川流域作为研究对象,通过该流域河流沉积物细颗粒中的U同位素的活度比((~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR))的空间变化,探索U同位素指示内陆冰川流域沉积物搬运的可行性。流域内河流沉积物的矿物组成以石英和长石(占51%—77%)为主,表明较弱的风化作用。流域内受冰川侵蚀控制的上游山区支流康西瓦河和木吉河沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)范围分别是0.990—1.017和0.988—1.009,盖孜河中下游段河流沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)则为0.913—0.997。从上游山区至中下游段显示了一个明显的下降趋势,指示了沉积物搬运过程中(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)的确发生了系统的变化。然而,盖孜河流域碎屑颗粒比表面积和分形维数计算得到的反冲损失参数太低,未能利用U同位素破碎年龄模型获得合理的沉积物搬运时间,该模型如何用到冰川流域尚需更多的研究工作。     

样品中226Ra与238U比值的测定及其在环境放射性监测中的应用

本文报道辽宁省18种不同环境样品中~(226)Ra与~(238)U比值的测定。结果表明,粮食、蔬菜类食品的比值范围在2.6—9.7,均值为4.8;饮用水的比值范围在0.36—0.45,均值为0.40.土壤、矿石和磷肥等以矿物质为主的样品的比值范围为0.86—1.10,均值为0.98.讨论了在环境放射性监测方面,样品中~(226)Ra与~(238)U比值应用的现状和前景。