杭州市工业源VOCs排放清单及排放特征

杭州市作为2016年国际峰会、2022年亚运会等一系列重大活动的举办地,对VOC源排放清单的研究,尤其是工业源VOCs的影响越来越受到管理部门和当地居民的重视.通过采取自下而上的方式,首次对杭州市涉及VOCs排放的30多个行业的3 518家企业逐一进行了详细的调查和估算,并在此基础上建立了杭州市工业源VOCs排放清单.从区域排放、排放强度、空间分布等不同角度对杭州市工业源VOCs排放特征进行了系统分析.研究结果表明,2015年杭州市工业源VOCs排放量为36 839.5 t;印刷和记录媒介复制、化学原料和化学制品制造、金属制品、纺织、橡胶和塑料制品行业是杭州市工业源VOCs排放量最大的五个行业;排放总量最大是萧山区,其次是富阳区和大江东产业集聚区;工业源VOCs排放强度最高的区域为富阳区、建德市和临安市;工业源VOCs排放主要集中在萧山区、大江东、富阳区、余杭区等工业企业较为密集的区域.     

京津冀城市群冬季二次PM2.5的时空分布特征

二次组分是造成京津冀城市群冬季PM_2.5污染的重要因素.采用CO示踪法,估算2017～2021年冬季京津冀城市群二次PM_2.5浓度,并分析其时空分布特征,探讨区域二次PM_2.5的影响因素.结果表明,2017～2021年冬季京津冀区域PM_2.5浓度下降趋势明显,河北中南部一次PM_2.5下降幅度最大,二次PM_2.5浓度年际波动平稳,北京和天津二次PM_2.5占比明显高于其他城市.随着污染程度加剧,一次PM_2.5和二次PM_2.5质量浓度均有不同程度的增加,二次PM_2.5占比呈显著增大趋势.与直接测量结果相比,CO示踪法获得的结果偏低,与冬季CO浓度较高,一次PM_2.5浓度高估有关,选取合适的一次气溶胶基准值是改进该方法,获取合理估算值的关键.     

生态系统健康效果-费用分析方法在广州城市生态规划中的应用

生态系统健康是应用生态学界近年来的研究热点和前沿,并且已被越来越多地应用到城市生态研究中.在广州城市生态规划研究中,尝试将生态系统健康评价方法应用到生态规划方案的评估与决策中.首先建立城市生态系统健康评价指标体系,然后对提出的生态规划方案进行费用效果分析,用以指导方案的选择与决策.在费用效果分析中,以方案所需投资作为费用,以方案实施后能促使城市生态系统达到的健康程度作为效果.本文采用5个要素,即活力、组织结构、恢复力、维持生态系统服务功能、对人类健康的影响等,来构建城市生态系统健康的评价指标体系.通过对这5个要素的进一步理解和分析,提出了初步的城市生态系统健康评价指标体系,包括12个类别,49个指标.为确保这些指标之间相互独立,搜集广州市1991-2000年间49个指标的样本数据进行主成分分析筛选掉对总体贡献很小的指标,保留对总体贡献较大的指标,确定了最终的评价指标体系,同时也得出了各指标的权重.最后,通过测算规划方案中各类型的生态环境建设项目投资力度在变动±10%、±20%、±50%时,对生态系统健康状况改善的影响程度,以掌握各生态环境建设项目对于城市整体生态健康水平的重要性排序,为优先安排生态环境建设项目提供决策参考依据.     

Anthropogenic Transformation of Flora in the City of Astrakhan and Its Environs over the Past 100 Years

Trends in the anthropogenic transformation of flora in the city of Astrakhan and its environs over the past 100 years are discussed. In general, the process of flora synanthropization is observed, with natural aboriginal plant communities being replaced by anthropogenically altered communities.     

空气微生物对铜陵市环境质量的指示作用

所测铜陵市区空气的平均细菌含量约４１８１．５ＣＦＵ．ｍ－３，总菌含量约４４９５．９ＣＦＵ．ｍ－３。与许多中国的大中城市比，污染不重，结果指示铜陵空气尚处于正常状态之中。     

连云港市大气、水环境污染经济损失初步估算

实行环境核算并将其纳入国民经济核算体系。是实施可持续发展战略的重大措施。本文对连云港市的大气、水环境污染损失进行估算并将其纳入到国民经济核算体系中。结果显示：1996—2000年连云港市大气、水污染损失年均分别为51623．4万元和135215．7万元，占GDP比重的2．2％和5．2％。合计高达7．4％。这表明大气和水污染损失的严重性。以GDP为主要衡量指标的现行国民经济核算体系过高地估计了连云港市的经济增长水平。掩饰了环境的退化，不利于可持续发展的科学决策和环境的管理。     

Proposal of Indicators to Assess Urban Sustainability in Brazil

The research related here focuses on municipal situations where problems of sustainability may be defined and tackled on the basis of bottom-up management procedures with the participation of organized society. The aim is to build management models that may be implemented with reasonable administrative effort and cost. Implementation pursues the target of approaching a sustainable situation in the municipality. Environmental parameters for an ideal municipality with undefined geographical location are presented. For each parameter, a set of indicators is developed that can measure the prospect of sustainability. The indicators are defined in terms of numbers or literal concepts according to the possibility of measurement. Examples of management models are presented, which are able to approach the situation defined as sustainable by the indicators. The basic management tool is the learning curve of targeted communities, which is experimentally developed and applied. The indicators are grouped according to their range of applicability.     

城市可持续发展的关键自然资本研究

城市是社会、经济与环境相互作用最为集中与深刻的区域，随着城市环境问题的日益严重，城市可持续发展成为共同关注的焦点。自然资本在可持续发展体系中起到关键的作用，因此，识别城市系统的关键自然资本是实现城市可持续发展的前提。通过分析城市绿色空间的生态服务功能，结果表明绿色空间是影响城市可持续发展的重要的自然资本。在此基础上，提出了通过保护与投资于绿色空间两种途径实现城市可持续发展的措施与建议。     

中国城乡劳动力就业中的互动机制研究

本文分析了我国城乡劳动力就业过程中相互作用及影响机制 ,阐释两种不同劳动力群体的“竞争—互补关系” ,区分了两类劳动力群体之间的特征差异 ,通过对他们之间相互作用机制的研究 ,全面展示了二者的竞争—互补关系 ,并进一步分析了当前制约劳动力充分流动的因素。在此基础上 ,提出今后增进城乡劳动力良性互动的政策思路     

Seasonal variations of Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.