白洋淀上游城市内河浮游动物群落调查与水质评价

对处于白洋淀上游的保定市城区府河设点调查监测,分析其浮游动物群落结构特征及变化规律。通过计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行了府河水质评价。结果显示:监测期内在监测河段共检出浮游动物81个种属(原生动物未计入);优势种8种,且大多数为生活在中污性水体中的种类;ShannonWiener指数月平均值波动范围为1.38~2.64;Margalef指数月平均值波动范围为1.69~2.83;Pielou均匀度指数月平均值波动范围为0.47~0.58。依据生物多样性指数对监测河段进行水质评价结果表明其水体为中污染。     

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations: A case study of Macau

Integrated urban water management (IUWM) is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macau, where 98% of the raw water comes from mainland China. In Macau, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macau can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies (wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving). We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macau in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macau reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macau water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.     

成都市PM10对大气辐射环境的影响

为研究城市PM₁₀对大气辐射环境的影响,利用2013年6月1日—2014年5月31日成都市ρ(PM₁₀)和空气吸收剂量率的逐日监测数据,采用DCCA(去趋势互相关分析)法对二者的相关性进行分析. 结果表明:在1 a的时间尺度上,成都市ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率之间存在显著的正相关性(标度指数为0.928),并且这种正相关性具有长期、持续的特征,但相关性的强度却随时间以幂函数形式缓慢衰减. 冬夏两季ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率的相关性存在显著差异. 在冬季重度灰霾期间,二者DCCA标度指数为0.968,说明高ρ(PM₁₀)已对城市大气辐射环境产生了影响;而夏季二者的DCCA曲线分为两段,标度指数分别为0.579、1.519,折点位置对应的特征时间尺度约为2个月,推测这与当地夏季降雨的时间分布模式有关. 研究表明,在当前灰霾日益频发的背景下,需要重视城市重度灰霾对城市大气辐射环境造成的影响.      

中原经济区城市资源环境绩效指标体系构建与实证

为了识别城市或“相似群体”最重要的资源环境“短板”问题,以中原经济区31个城市为研究区域,选择水土资源、能源、环境质量和污染物排放及治理水平等4个方面共计33项指标,利用层次分析修正法确定指标权重,采用正向指标极大化、负向指标极小化、适中指标平均化的标准化方法对研究区域内各市资源环境绩效进行测算. 研究表明:①从资源环境绩效角度来看,中原经济区城市可分为“双高”超载型、农业型、“双低”超载型、资源型四大类. ②占中原经济区城市总数2/5的资源型城市,由于过度强调资源产出、忽视环境保护而成为经济区环境问题高发、资源环境矛盾较为突出的集中区域. ③在对4个Ⅰ级指标(资源利用效率、能源利用效率、环境质量指数、污染物排放及治理水平)设定均衡权重情况下,15个城市的能源利用效率居末位,10个城市的资源利用效率居末位,表明中原经济区提高资源环境绩效应率先在能源、资源利用效率领域实现突破. 所构建的资源环境绩效评估指标体系仍有待进一步优化,今后应加大对可再生资源能源利用、农村生态环境特别是农村土地重金属及有机物污染等问题的关注.      

航空器碳排放扩散模型研究及减碳效果分析

探索、研究有效的机场减碳方法,对我国民用机场的绿色可持续发展、改善机场周边大气环境等具有十分重要的现实意义和长远意义。文章首先分析机场内碳排放源头,研究根据机场内碳排放污染物的特点,结合高斯高价连续点源扩散模式,推导分析航空器在近地面的扩散公式;其次采用不同的下滑角在3°下滑角和4°下滑角下,比较分析碳排放当量值和一氧化碳扩散分布情况并分析整体碳排放量变化趋势,研究监测点或敏感点浓度值等值线分布特点、占标率变化和影响范围等指标,分析浓度值对周边社区居民的影响程度;计算结果表明,增大下滑角可以有效地减少碳排放量。     

南宁市区交通环境空气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征分析研究

含碳颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对人体健康产生很大的威胁.分别于2012年夏季及2013年冬季在南宁市选取六条主要交通干道采集了PM10、PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中的碳组分.结果表明,碳组分浓度季节变化明显.碳组分在细颗粒物中占有比重比在可吸入颗粒物中大.存在二次有机碳污染.对8种碳组分丰度分析说明南宁市大气颗粒物中碳组分的主要来源是燃煤、机动车尾气及生物质样品燃烧.     

“New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning”. Frei.Räume no. 10, edited by the German FOPA (feminist organisation of (female) planners and architects) in 1998

This Translations contribution presents the 10th issue of the series Frei.Räume (in English: Free spaces), edited by the German Feminist Organisation of (female) Planners and Architects (FOPA) in 1998. The issue was titled “New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning” and reflected the contemporary discussions on the state of the art of feminism, gender and planning. While progress was recognized, many authors felt uncomfortable with the ways that feminist concerns had been implemented into planning, and they were looking for ways forward. Among the authors were the most important protagonists of the debates at the time. Looking at the issue today, it becomes clear that many concerns are as up to date as they were in the late 1990s, although circumstances have changed. The paper argues that it is worthwhile to pay attention to these feminist debates in order to develop future strategies for feminism in planning.     

Management of sustainability transitions through planning in shrinking resource city contexts: an evaluation of Yubari City,Japan

This paper evaluates the planning competences required to enact a managed transition to sustainability at the municipal level for cities facing population, economic and employment decline. Drawing on the ‘shrinking cities’ literature, we argue consolidation of the built environment can become a focal point for sustaining citizen welfare when transitioning cities that are facing decline, especially those previously reliant on resource industries. We evaluate the former coal mining city of Yubari, Japan, which is developing a consolidated urban form with the aim of creating a ‘sustainable’ future city. Findings from interviews and content analysis of Yubari’s planning policy indicate, however, that to translate ‘shrinking’ a city into a managed transition, spatial planning must be accompanied by a wider range of social policy measures and strong cross-sectoral engagement. We also caution that the unique geographical and political context of Yubari mean its model may not be directly replicable in other contexts.     

Local governance of greenhouse gas emissions from air travel

Global greenhouse gas emissions from air travel (GHG-A) are on the rise, and projections point towards a rapid growth in the coming decades. This study aims to examine how local government (cities), addresses GHG-A in their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP). To fulfil this aim, over 200 SEAPs were analysed focusing on three issues: (1) Treatment of GHG-A in local emissions inventories; (2) Policy initiatives within this domain; and (3) The cities’ perceptions of the conflicts of interests. Results showed that more than half of the cities acknowledge the challenge of GHG-A, around one third include GHG-A in their emissions inventories, and more than one quarter have initiated policy interventions. To categorise these interventions, we have added a mode ‘governing by agenda setting’ to an existing analytical framework, ‘Modes of governing’. With their authority limited to the local setting, this mode of governing is a common channel for cities to push changes at higher levels.     

Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning

While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase the knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how ES have been integrated into comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956–2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time toward a more holistic view of ES and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ES concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ES approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.