城市规划与城镇土地定级相互作用机理研究

城市规划与城镇土地定级之间的相互影响是多方面的。一是城市规划纲要、城市总体规划以及控制性详细规划的编制,分别从宏观和微观两方面影响着城镇土地定级工作;而城市规划的不同实施方式和不同实施程度对具体地块土地级别以及城镇土地级别空间分布格局有着直接和较大的影响。二是城镇土地级别现状和城镇土地级别变化趋势分析,潜在影响着城市规划方案设计、城市规划方案决策、城市规划实施和管理过程,并为其提供依据和指导。在此基础上,如何量化城市规划对城镇土地定级的影响值得进一步具体研究;发挥城镇土地定级工作的作用,更好地为城市规划服务,解决人们的住房问题,更值得深入思考。     

Proposal of Indicators to Assess Urban Sustainability in Brazil

The research related here focuses on municipal situations where problems of sustainability may be defined and tackled on the basis of bottom-up management procedures with the participation of organized society. The aim is to build management models that may be implemented with reasonable administrative effort and cost. Implementation pursues the target of approaching a sustainable situation in the municipality. Environmental parameters for an ideal municipality with undefined geographical location are presented. For each parameter, a set of indicators is developed that can measure the prospect of sustainability. The indicators are defined in terms of numbers or literal concepts according to the possibility of measurement. Examples of management models are presented, which are able to approach the situation defined as sustainable by the indicators. The basic management tool is the learning curve of targeted communities, which is experimentally developed and applied. The indicators are grouped according to their range of applicability.     

天津市城区暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统的研究

天津市位于黄河水系尾闾，是我国北方重要的工业和港口城市。该市历史上一直遭受洪涝灾害的威胁，加之近几年市区范围不断扩大，不透水面积增加，排水能力远远不能适应城市的发展要求，城市沥涝问题日趋严重。为了掌握天津市暴雨沥涝的规律，减轻洪涝灾害对该市的影响，作者利用二维不恒定流水动力学模型和计算机信息管理及图形技术，采用Power Station Fortran 4.0和Visual Basic5.0编程语言，在Widows98环境下开发了天津市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统。该系统首次实现了从城市暴雨预报、监测到城市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟的研究， 不仅能够处理实时的不均匀的降雨信息，还能处理数值预报模型的预报降雨信息。系统的信息前后处理模块用图形方式管理仿真模型的各类信息，方便用户显示、查询和修改，使系统更加完整、实用。     

城市土地集约利用研究进展

城市土地集约利用是城市土地利用变化研究的重要内容之一。了解城市土地集约利用的机理、过程和效应,有助于优化城市土地利用空间结构,提高城市土地利用效率,缓解资源环境约束带给城市发展的压力以及促进城市可持续发展。文章从3个方面对国内外城市土地集约利用研究进行了梳理和总结:①研究尺度,包括空间尺度和时间尺度;②研究内容,包括城市土地集约利用的内涵和相关理论、集约利用评价、集约利用驱动机制、集约利用效应、集约利用途径;③研究方法,包括统计分析和计量分析方法、基于过程的动态模型方法、GIS空间分析方法和其他研究方法。最后对其未来的发展方向提出了一些建议,认为在研究尺度上,应加强多尺度、多层次、时间序列的研究;在研究内容上,应加强基础理论、机理、过程和效应的研究;在研究方法上,应加强计量分析、空间分析和动态模型应用。     

黄河流域城市生态化建设水平空间格局与障碍因子分析

城市生态化建设作为流域可持续发展重要途径是人地耦合与高质量发展的重要研究内容。本文旨将宏观的生态城市建设转型为落地性更强的城市生态化建设,通过构建经济、环境、社会、文化及空间生态化五位一体的理论框架,运用主客观赋权法、ESDA、障碍因子诊断模型等研究方法,探究城市生态化建设的空间格局特征和多维提升路径。结果表明：(1)黄河流域城市生态化建设总体上呈现“多中心”的空间分异格局,且呈显著的“中心—外围”逐渐递减的空间分布态势;(2)从空间关联格局来看,高—高集聚区和低—低集聚区具有明显的空间集聚,高—高显著集聚区主要分布在山东省及其邻近地区,低—低显著集聚区主要分布在宁夏回族自治区中南部;(3)从不同城市规模、职能类型、空间载体、流域位置的城市生态化建设特征来看,城市生态化建设水平与城市规模等级成正比,职能综合城市、发育程度高的山东半岛城市群、优先开发地区的华北平原、黄河流域下游及右岸的城市生态化建设水平相对更高;(4)不同类型城市的生态化建设障碍因子存在明显差异,总体上黄河流域城市生态化建设的障碍因子主要是人均水资源总量、单位GDP能源消费量、研发(R&D)投入占财政支出比重、每...     

连江地热水排放对水体、土壤和农作物的影响研究

探讨了连江地热水利用排放对水体、土壤农作物、鱼类的影响，为今后保护环境和合理开发利用地热水提供科学依据。     

The effect of greenhouse vegetation coverage and area on the performance of an earth-to-air heat exchanger for heating and cooling modes

The underground temperature at a depth of about 3–4 m is almost constant all the year round. In summer, the underground temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, but in winter it is vice versa. This potentiality is considered for greenhouse cooling and heating by using an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE). This paper considers the effects of two parameters as independent variables including the area of greenhouse and the percentage of vegetation coverage inside the greenhouse on the performance of an EAHE system during both cooling and heating modes. The inside temperature, the thermal energy exchange and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system were considered as dependent variables. The results showed that both greenhouse area and the percentage of vegetation coverage inside the greenhouse had significant effects on the performance of the EAHE system during both cooling and heating modes. However, the COP of the EAHE system was higher in the cooling mode (4.32) than during the heating mode (1.01). The percentage of vegetation coverage negatively affected the performance of the EAHE system in the cooling mode. However, the performance of the EAHE system improved with the increase in the percentage of vegetation coverage during the heating mode.     

Effect of pipes in heat pump system on electric vehicle energy saving

ABSTRACT

Refrigerant pressure drop and temperature change in pipes are normally ignored in the thermodynamic analysis of traditional vehicle air conditioning system, this will result in serious errors. In this Paper, pressure drop and temperature difference are simulated in different pipes of electric vehicle (EV) heat pump system to analysis the effects of pipes in the actual EV heat pump system. The results indicate that the greater the mass flow, the faster pressure drop increases, the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop of saturated liquid refrigerant is smaller than that of saturated gas refrigerant at the same saturation pressure and mass flow rate. The higher the refrigerant pressure (no phase change), the slower pressure drop decreases, the faster the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop decreases with the increment of bending angle of the pipe. For EV heat pump system, suitable valves and less branches are helpful for energy saving of the system. Shortening the pipe between compressor and condenser can reduce temperature change obviously. Pressure drop per unit length in the pipe between evaporator and compressor is large especially in heating mode because of lower refrigerant density. It even reaches to over 100 times of that in the pipe between condenser and throttle valve in heating mode and has negative effects on the performance of the system. If the evaporator is closer to the compressor and the number of branches is less, then pressure drop will decrease a lot, which will be advantageous for energy saving of the heat pump system.     

我国沙尘暴的气候成因及未来发展趋势

利用EOF和环流合成统计方法,分析了我国北方近40年来沙尘暴日数变化的时空异常特征及其气候成因.结果表明,20世纪80年代以来的太阳活动加强,全球气候变暖,青藏高原地面加热场强度加强,欧亚西风急流轴北移,西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏西,强度加强,蒙古气旋减弱,西北西部的沙尘源区降水增加,是中国北方沙尘暴减少的主要原因.20世纪末到21世纪初太阳活动进入新一轮的减弱期,引起气候变暖趋势减弱,气温逐渐降低,青藏高原地面加热场强度减弱,蒙古气旋逐渐加强.预计未来中国北方沙尘暴将在波动中逐渐增加,进入新一轮的相对活跃期.     

邯郸市区PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

对邯郸市区内邯郸钢铁集团（邯钢）、邯郸市环境监测中心（环保局）、河北工程大学（矿院）3个点位4个季节代表月大气PM_2.5样品进行采集,并对其离子、元素、碳质组分进行测试分析;利用基于排放清单、受体模型与空气质量模型相结合的综合来源解析方法,对邯郸市区大气PM_2.5贡献来源进行分析.结果表明：邯郸市区PM_2.5年均浓度为85.5μg/m³,秋冬季浓度明显高于春夏季,邯钢点位浓度略高于矿院和环保局;PM_2.5中占比较高的组分为NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、POA、SOA和NH₄⁺,分别占15.7%、14.5%、13.2%、12.2%和12.4%,具有明显的二次污染和有机污染特征,冬季二次组分和有机组分占比略高于其他季节,环保局点位一次有机气溶胶（POA）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）占比略高于矿院和邯钢;冶金和扬尘是PM_2.5最主要的贡献来源,贡献率分别为27.0%和18.7%,冶金源在春夏季的贡献比例高于秋冬季,在邯钢点位的贡献率明显高于环保局和矿院.