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761.
贵阳市一居民区大气颗粒态汞的污染状况 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2004年4、7、8、11、12月采用微型捕集管-冷原子荧光光谱法对贵阳市一个居民区大气中的痕量颗粒态总汞(TPM)进行了测定。结果表明:TPM日均浓度范围是0.149~4.853 ng.m-3,平均值是1.091 ng.m-3,显著高于背景参考值1~86 pg.m-3;TPM浓度采暖期大于非采暖期,夜间通常大于白昼;TPM与大气气态总汞(TGM)可能具有同源性;燃煤、垃圾焚烧以及周边工厂排放的含尘烟气可能是居民区大气颗粒态汞的主要人为来源。 相似文献
762.
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764.
为了评价新民柳河水源地的供水安全,简要介绍水环境健康风险评价基本方法的基础上,建立了水环境健康风险评价模式.研究结果表明:①柳河水源地地面水基因毒物质为优先控制污染物;而地下水应着力控制躯体毒物质.②对于基因毒物质,监测断面优先控制污染物为As和Cr;而对于躯体毒物质,所有监测断面的优先控制污染物均为氨.③在所有监测断面中,柳河上断面等6处有毒污染物所致健康危害的个人年总风险数量级为10-5-10-4.在日后的管理过程中,应对这6处加大治理力度.④目前环境健康风险评价还没有包括在常规环境评价工作中,建议在今后的评价工作中应该逐步开展这方面的工作,以提高供水安全. 相似文献
765.
介绍了湖北省清江高坝洲津洋口防护区的概况,对津洋口防护区水环境污染现状进行了分析和调查研究,同时得出了防护区的主要污染为工业废水污染.计算了津洋口防护区丹水河的水环境容量,并据此提出水环境污染治理方案. 相似文献
766.
Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Gracia T Jones PD Higley EB Hilscherova K Newsted JL Murphy MB Chan AK Zhang X Hecker M Lam PK Wu RS Giesy JP 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(4):332-343
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3betaHSD2, and CYP11beta2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 10(5) L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11beta2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3betaHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11beta2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. DISCUSSION: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects. 相似文献
767.
基于现代信息技术的城市灾害应急管理系统 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
城市灾害应急管理系统是一项复杂的大系统工程。本文着重从应急管理过程中的应急资源调配、应急预案制定等方面阐述了现代信息技术在城市灾害应急管理中的应用与优势。认为应急管理信息系统的建立目的不是为了预测和估算,而应是当灾害发生时,对已造成的灾情局面做出快速的辅助决策支持。基于此,利用SuperMapObject5.0,Visual Basic6.0,SQL Server2000等现代信息技术软件,以辅助决策、资源快速查询以及生命线管网易损处调查为目的,本文建立了一个局部地区灾害应急管理信息系统。系统的数据库建立更突出了为应急管理服务所需的基础信息、空间数据、应急预案和应急资源等信息划分方式;结合已有的震害预测理论和方法,开发了供水系统和交通系统的震害预测模块,事先为灾害应急决策提供可能的震害信息。系统的开发过程进一步证明了GIS在城市灾害应急管理中有着直观显示、容易操作、辅助准确决策等优势。 相似文献
768.
Marcos A. dos Santos Cynthia F. Illanes Adalgiza Fornaro Jairo J. Pedrotti 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):85-92
During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown São Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as well as major ions (Na+, $ \rm NH^{ + }_{4} During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown
S?o Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as
well as major ions (Na+, , K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, , ) and carboxylic acids (acetic, formic and oxalic) using ion chromatography. The volume weighted mean, VWM, of the anions
, and Cl− was, respectively, 20.3, 12.1 and 10.7 μmol l−1. Rainwater in S?o Paulo was acidic, with 55% of the samples exhibiting a pH below 5.6. The VWM of the free H+ was 6.27 μmol l−1), corresponding to a pH of 5.20. Ammonia (NH3), determined as (VWM = 32.8 μmol l−1), was the main acidity neutralizing agent. Considering that the H+ ion is the only counter ion produced from the non-sea-salt fraction of the dissociated anions, the contribution of each anion
to the free acidity potential has the following profile: (31.1%), (26.0%), CH3COO− (22.0%), Cl− (13.7%), HCOO− (5.4%) and (1.8%). The precipitation chemistry showed seasonal differences, with higher concentrations of ammonium and calcium during
autumn and winter (dry period). The marine contribution was not significant, while the direct vehicular emission showed to
be relevant in the ionic composition of precipitation. 相似文献
769.
Zhang B Hong M Zhang B Zhang XL Zhao YS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,133(1-3):379-386
Endemic fluorosis was investigated and studied in the west region of the Songnen plain, Northeast China in 2001–2002. The
results showed that the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment was that the fluorine concentrations in the lake water
and unconfined ground water were higher than that in the river water and confined ground water. The lake water (Alkali lake)
is connected with unconfined ground water. In unconfined ground water, from the east and southeast areas to the west and the
northwest areas of the plain, fluorine concentration fluctuated with high and low alternatively. The fluorine in the water
comes from the weathering of rocks and minerals in the mountains and hills around the Songnen Plain. The main influence factors
of the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment are discussed. Unconfined ground water containing high fluorine is used
as drinking water. In this region, the fluorine concentration in drinking water is evidently correlated to the morbidity of
dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluorine concentration in drinking water has endangered human health. 相似文献
770.
Libby, Montana is the only PM2.5 nonattainment area in the western United States with the exceptions of parts of southern California. During January through
March 2005, a particulate matter (PM) sampling program was conducted within Libby’s elementary and middle schools to establish
baseline indoor PM concentrations before a wood stove change-out program is implemented over the next several years. As part
of this program, indoor concentrations of PM mass, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in five different size fractions
(>2.5, 1.0–2.5, 0.5–1.0, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25 μm) were measured. Total measured PM mass concentrations were much higher inside
the elementary school, with particle size fraction (>2.5, 0.5–1.0, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25 μm) concentrations between 2 and 5
times higher when compared to the middle school. The 1.0–2.5 μm fraction had the largest difference between the two sites,
with elementary school concentrations nearly 10 times higher than the middle school values. The carbon component for the schools’
indoor PM was found to be predominantly composed of OC. Measured total OC and EC concentrations, as well as concentrations
within individual size fractions, were an average of two to five times higher at the elementary school when compared to the
middle school. For the ultrafine fraction (<0.25), EC concentrations were similar between each of the schools. Despite the
differences in concentrations between the schools at the various fraction levels, the OC/EC ratio was determined to be similar. 相似文献