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881.
长期覆膜条件下农田土壤微生物群落的响应特征 总被引:8,自引:6,他引:2
地膜覆盖是农业生产中保障粮食增产增收的重要措施.为明确长期地膜覆盖对农田土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,采集4个不同覆膜年限的农田土壤,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构变化,探讨长期覆膜农田土壤中微生物群落的变化及其对微生物生态环境效应的影响.结果表明,长期覆膜对土壤细菌多样性无显著影响,但降低真菌多样性;长期覆膜使土壤细菌酸杆菌(Acidobacteriota)和真菌被孢霉菌(Mortierellomycetes)物种丰度降低,增加土壤放线菌(Actinobacteriota)物种丰度.长期覆膜可以使土壤富集细菌中的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioidaceae),及真菌中的肉座菌目(Hypocreales)和曲霉菌(Aspergillus)等有益微生物菌群.然而长期覆膜使土壤真菌共生网络变得简单而脆弱,其关键物种仅有子囊菌门中的粪壳菌目(Sordariales)中的未知菌属一种,因此对农田土壤生态环境带来潜在风险.本研究为深化了解长期覆膜对农田微生物生态环境效应的影响提供理论依据. 相似文献
882.
硫酸盐还原菌对碱性和酸性农田土壤中重金属的钝化效果及其作用机制 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
通过土壤培养实验考察了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)包括希瓦氏菌、梭状芽胞杆菌和两者混合菌对碱性和酸性农田土中有效态重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的钝化效果及其作用机制.结果表明,在相同接菌量下,希瓦氏菌处理组对碱性土中有效态重金属的钝化效果优于梭状芽胞杆菌和两者混合菌的处理组;而不同种类的SRB对酸性土中有效态重金属的钝化效果无显著差异.培养第20 d后土壤中有效态重金属的钝化率不再显著变化.SRB处理对碱性土中有效态重金属的钝化率可达80%以上,而对酸性土中有效态重金属的钝化率低于40%.在碱性土中,SRB能够有效还原SO42-,并且提高土壤pH值,使S2-可与重金属紧密结合,显著提高有效态重金属钝化率.尽管SRB使酸性土壤pH值升高,但土壤仍然呈酸性使SO42-还原受到抑制,不利于有效态重金属的钝化.总体来看,SRB适用于碱性和酸性土壤的重金属污染治理,但与酸性土壤相比,SRB对碱性土壤中有效态重金属的钝化效果更好. 相似文献
883.
生物炭施用对黄壤土壤养分及酶活性的影响 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
生物炭因其具有特殊的理化性质,作为土壤改良剂或调理剂被广泛应用于改善土壤质量;土壤养分与土壤酶活性是表征土壤质量化学性质和生物学性质的重要指标.采用大田试验,研究生物炭不同施用水平:0(CK)、5(B5)、10(B10)、20(B20)和50(B50) t·hm-2对黄壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,运用结构方程模型(SEM)定量分析生物炭处理对土壤养分和酶活性的直接或间接影响及其作用大小.结果表明,生物炭显著增加土壤pH值、电导率、有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾(P<0.05);随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性先增加后降低,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性增加(P<0.05);B10处理下,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性均达到最大值,蔗糖酶活性也相对较高.随生物炭作用时间增加,土壤pH值、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均增加,而电导率和有机碳与之相反;过氧化氢酶活性降低,脲酶和磷酸酶活性升高,蔗糖酶活性无明显变化规律.SEM结果显示,生物炭施用对过氧化氢酶具有直接的负效应;通过提升pH、电导率、有机碳和碱解氮含量间接影响过氧化氢酶活性,通过提升pH和电导率间接促进蔗糖酶活性,通过提高电导率以及碱解氮和有效磷含量间接增加磷酸酶活性.综上,生物炭施用量及作用时间显著影响土壤养分含量,进而间接作用于土壤酶活性;酸性黄壤施用10 t·hm-2的生物炭较为适宜. 相似文献
884.
赵小学 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2014,(1):53-56
采用HNO3-HCl-HF-HClO4体系在全自动消解仪消解土壤样品,以50.0μg/L的Rh作内标,用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪同时测定《土壤环境质量标准》的7种元素Cd、 As、Cu、 Pb、 Cr、 Zn、 Ni。结果表明,土壤标样的测定值与标准值吻合,各元素对应的检出限和相对标准偏差分别为: Cd:0.002 mg/kg和3.6%, As:0.05 mg/kg和5.5%, Cu:0.10 mg/kg和2.9%, Pb:0.18 mg/kg和4.7%, Cr:0.25 mg/kg和2.2%, Zn:0.40 mg/kg和3.4%, Ni:0.20 mg/kg和3.8%。该方法简便快捷,灵敏度高,重现性好。 相似文献
885.
杨荣金 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2014,(4):24-26
城市生态休闲绿地不同于城市绿地,主要包括其中的城市公园绿地和其他绿地。结合市民平时主要在居住地附近散步、节假日喜欢到郊区游憩的休闲活动特点,把生态休闲绿地分为日常短时休闲绿地和节假日长时休闲绿地。在城市生态休闲绿地建设中,应重点建设日常短时休闲绿地,配套开发节假日长时休闲绿地,完善城市公共绿地的休闲设施,增强城市公共绿地的大众性,提高专有绿地的开放性。 相似文献
886.
刘震 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2014,(4):30-33
城市河流是城市的生命线,对于当地经济发展和居民身心健康均有不可替代的重要作用。通过分析我国城市河流污染的总体现状发现,我国城市河流治污面临着城市化进程、区域利益分化、职能部门能力缺失等困境,以此为前提,分别从树立正确的城市河流治污观念、设立流域综合管理机构、预防为主和防控结合、建立科学合理的城市河流生态系统修复模式几方面提出完善对策。 相似文献
887.
In the context of the desire to steer urban transformation towards sustainability transition, the development of proposals for alternative futures assists policy-makers and practitioners in focusing on impact by organising the various drivers, particularly spatial ones that cause an interactive urban system to transit. This paper presents the methodology that has been developed by the Chair for Urban Development, Munich University of Technology (TUM) as it was working within an inter-disciplinary research team on a project commissioned by the municipality of Nuremberg. The objective of this project was to develop ideas for regenerating the formerly industrial area of Nuremberg West (NW) under the guiding theme of sustainable urban development. This methodology focuses on the development of proposals of positive and possible transformations of NW in the year 2050 based on the analysis of economy, housing and space at various scales and a systematic assessment of trends. These alternative futures became framing and guiding narratives to internalise and anchor the debate in-between the various disciplines involved in this project. 相似文献
888.
Rebecca J. McLain Patrick T. Hurley Marla R. Emery Melissa R. Poe 《Local Environment》2014,19(2):220-240
Recent “green” planning initiatives envision food production, including urban agriculture and livestock production, as desirable elements of sustainable cities. We use an integrated urban political ecology and human–plant geographies framework to explore how foraging for “wild” foods in cities, a subversive practice that challenges prevailing views about the roles of humans in urban green spaces, has potential to also support sustainability goals. Drawing on research from Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle, we show that foraging is a vibrant and ongoing practice among diverse urban residents in the USA. At the same time, as reflected in regulations, planning practices, and attitudes of conservation practitioners, it is conceptualised as out of place in urban landscapes and an activity to be discouraged. We discuss how paying attention to urban foraging spaces and practices can strengthen green space planning and summarise opportunities for and challenges associated with including foragers and their concerns. 相似文献
889.
Radical,reformist, and garden-variety neoliberal: coming to terms with urban agriculture's contradictions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nathan McClintock 《Local Environment》2014,19(2):147-171
For many activists and scholars, urban agriculture in the Global North has become synonymous with sustainable food systems, standing in opposition to the dominant industrial agri-food system. At the same time, critical social scientists increasingly argue that urban agriculture programmes, by filling the void left by the “rolling back” of the social safety net, underwrite neoliberalisation. I argue that such contradictions are central to urban agriculture. Drawing on existing literature and fieldwork in Oakland, CA, I explain how urban agriculture arises from a protective counter-movement, while at the same time entrenching the neoliberal organisation of contemporary urban political economies through its entanglement with multiple processes of neoliberalisation. By focusing on one function or the other, however, rather than understanding such contradictions as internal and inherent, we risk undermining urban agriculture's transformative potential. Coming to terms with its internal contradictions can help activists, policy-makers and practitioners better position urban agriculture within coordinated efforts for structural change, one of many means to an end rather than an end unto itself. 相似文献
890.
Daniel J. Bain Erin M. Copeland Marion T. Divers Marijke Hecht Kristina G. Hopkins Justin Hynicka Michael Koryak Mary Kostalos Lisa Brown Emily M. Elliott Joseph Fedor Michele Gregorich Brady Porter Brenda Smith Christopher Tracey Margaret Zak 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(6):1608-1621
Urban stream restoration continues to be used as an ecological management tool, despite uncertainty about the long‐term sustainability and resilience of restored systems. Evaluations of restoration success often focus on specific instream indicators, with limited attention to the wider basin or parallel hydrologic and geomorphic process. A comprehensive understanding of urban stream restoration progress is particularly important for comparisons with nonurban sites as urban streams can provide substantial secondary benefits to urban residents. Here, we utilize a wide range of indicators to retrospectively examine the restoration of Nine Mile Run, a multi‐million dollar stream restoration project in eastern Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania, USA). Examination of available continuous hydrological data illustrates the high cost of failures to incorporate the data into planning and adaptive management. For example, persistent extreme flows drive geomorphic degradation threatening to reverse hydrologic connections created by the restoration and impact the improved instream biotic communities. In addition, human activities associated with restoration efforts suggest a positive feedback as the stream restoration has focused effort on the basin beyond the reach. Ultimately, urban stream restoration remains a potentially useful management tool, but continued improvements in post‐project assessment should include examination of a wider range of indicators. 相似文献