Ecological compensation mechanism for urban green land and its application in Shanghai,China

Urban green land compensation plays an important role in county development, ecological environment management and many other fields. The concept, methods and principles of urban green land are introduced in this paper. According to the pay fee method, the value and ecological function of various types of urban green land were analyzed. The cost-benefit analysis method (CBAM) was used to estimate different external diseconomy benefits caused by green land loss. The authors applied CBAM to estimate such benefits in the case of Shanghai, China, and calculated the actual compensation value for green land. Results indicated that in 2002, the compensation value for the green land of Shanghai was RMB 8.58 × 10⁵ Yuan/hm². Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2006, 19(3): 4–6, 11 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

改革开放30年来中国主要城市扩展时空动态变化研究

改革开放30年来,城市化速度明显加快,城市扩展是城市化空间上表现最明显的特征之一。论文选取我国大陆地区直辖市、省和自治区政府所在地及其他50万人口以上共135个城市作为研究对象,利用2007年北京一号小卫星多光谱数据,结合20世纪70年代、80年代和21世纪初的美国陆地卫星数据,采用面向对象分割和人机交互的信息提取方法对城市的主建成区进行动态监测,采用扩展面积、扩展强度、分维数、聚集度等指标分析城市扩展的规模、程度及形态等空间格局的变化,同时根据我国区域发展特点选取7个典型区进行扩展动态分析比较,并且结合社会经济统计数据等,概括分析了中国城市扩展的主要驱动因子。     

水解酸化工艺预处理混合型城市污水

采用水解酸化-厌氧-改良Carrousel氧化沟组合的脱氮除磷工艺,进行混合型城市污水处理的试验研究。在不同的水力停留时间(HRT)下,分别试验测定了水解酸化池进出水的各项指标。结果表明:最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为3 h,进水ρ(COD)为150～1 200 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为12～40 mg/L、ρ(TN)为14～58 mg/L、ρ(TP)为1.7～4.2 mg/L,所对应的去除率COD为-29%～66%、NH3-N为-55%～33%、TN为-45%～69%、TP为-80%～66%。可见基于水解酸化工艺预处理可成功实现混合型城市污水中有机物的水解和酸化。     

福州城市及郊区冬、夏两季大气中多环芳烃特征研究

2010年冬、夏两季,利用大流量采样器和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MSD),分析了福州市大气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平、分布特征及来源.结果表明,福州城郊冬、夏两季大气(颗粒相+气相)中ΣPAHs浓度范围分别为115.45～187.76ng.m-3和45.55～59.20 ng.m-3,整体而言,气相显著高于颗粒相,冬季高于夏季;冬季城区高于郊区,夏季城区则低于郊区,但城郊区差异不显著;气相中PAHs比例夏季高于冬季.整体而言,气相中PAHs主要以2～4环化合物组成,颗粒相中则以4～6环化合物为主.冬季气相中PAHs主要以3环化合物为主,夏季主要以3环和4环化合物为主;颗粒相中PAHs组成无明显的季节特征.毒性当量因子法分析表明福州市空气质量状况总体良好.来源解析表明,福州大气PAHs主要为燃烧源,福州机动车燃料以柴油为主.     

城市流域降雨径流水质特性及初期冲刷现象

为了解城市流域降雨径流水质特性及其初期冲刷现象,以重庆市盘溪河流域和虎溪流域为研究对象,对6场降雨径流进行监测. 结果表明:各场次降雨中,城市流域降雨径流污染物浓度均呈抛物线型分布;在所监测的6场降雨中,盘溪河流域ρ(TSS)(TSS为总悬浮物)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为2 000、420、13.0、5.7 mg/L,虎溪流域ρ(TSS)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(Fe)、ρ(Zn)、ρ(Pb)、ρ(Cd)的平均值分别为33、38、2.6、0.7、1.1、0.1、2.1、0.2、0.6、0.06 mg/L. 在盘溪河流域和虎溪流域降雨径流中,磷均以颗粒态为主(分别占56%和87%),氮均以无机氮为主(分别占72%和82%). 盘溪河流域未发现明显的初期冲刷现象,虎溪流域初期40%的径流携带了50%~80%的污染负荷. 降雨径流流量分析表明,单峰降雨事件的峰值流量取决于且滞后于峰值雨强,多峰降雨事则件往往导致多峰流量响应.      

Rapid Assessment of Hydrologic Performance of Low Impact Development Practices under Design Storms

Low impact development (LID) practices are often applied to compensate for surface imperviousness caused by urban development. These practices can mitigate flood risk by reducing runoff volume and peak flow and by delaying the time to peak flow. To select a suitable LID practice type and its surface area during the preliminary design process, it is necessary to rapidly estimate the hydrologic performance of various LID designs under design storms. This study provides a method and a toolbox for rapid assessment of the hydrologic performance of various LID practices, which can be useful to developers for establishment of preliminary LID designs. The hydrologic performance of three common types of LID practices (i.e., green roofs, bioretention cells, and infiltration trenches) under various design storms is first simulated using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The results are then presented as performance curves on a unit storage basis. Look‐up tables are further developed to assist the comparison and selection of the LID alternatives for various hydrologic performance targets. To facilitate SWMM modeling, a MATLAB toolbox is developed to automate the process of input modification, model simulation, result extraction, and postprocessing. Finally, the sensitivity of the look‐up curves to design storm types and design specifications of bioretention cells is also analyzed, and the assumptions used in the development of these look‐up curves are validated.     

Social Dimensions of Urban Flood Experience,Exposure, and Concern

With growing urban populations and climate change, urban flooding is an important global issue, even in dryland regions. Flood risk assessments are usually used to identify vulnerable locations and populations, flooding experience patterns, or levels of concern about flooding, but rarely are all of these approaches combined. Furthermore, the social dynamics of flood concerns, exposure, and experience are underexplored. We combined geographic and survey data on household‐level measures of flood experience, concern, and exposure in Utah's urbanizing Wasatch Front. We asked: (1) Are socially vulnerable groups more likely to be exposed to flood risk? (2) How common are flooding experiences among urban residents, and how are these experiences related to sociodemographic characteristics and exposure? and (3) How concerned are urban residents about flooding, and does concern vary by exposure, flood experience, and sociodemographic characteristics? Although floodplain residents were more likely to be White and have higher incomes, respondents who were of a racial/ethnic minority, were older, had less education, and were living in floodplains were more likely to report flood experiences and concern about flooding. Flood risk management approaches need to address social as well as physical sources of vulnerability to floods and recognize social sources of variation in flood experiences and concern.     

杭州快速路、主次干道植物群落降噪功能比较研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善城市生态系统方面有重要作用。现今交通是城市环境中的主要噪声来源,城市道路绿地是交通噪声治理的有效方式之一。本文选取杭州市西湖区不同等级的三条道路(紫金港路、天目山路和丰潭路)作为研究对象,利用手持噪声测量仪测量实时噪声对不同道路等级和距离的绿地降噪效果进行分析。研究发现,杭州市三条道路存在以下问题:(1)噪声距离道路越远越低,且噪声平均衰减率表明绿地降噪效果为主干道次干道快速路;(2)配置模式为乔木+灌木+地被的绿地植物群落的降噪效果最佳,且乔木和灌木交错的种植形式在降噪效果上优于灌木在前、乔木在后的排列式种植;(3)当道路绿地宽达到15m时,植物群落降噪效果会有大幅度提升,且快速路与次干道在距离为15m处,植物群落降噪能力最佳。     

The territorial dimension of environmental sustainability in Italy along the urban–rural continuum

Single territories contribute in different ways to the transition towards a more environmentally sustainable development (SD), according to their structural features. This study returns a multi-dimensional picture of the territorial divides of environmental sustainability across Italy, analysing how it correlates with rurality, with a focus on the urban–rural continuum. Italy represents an interesting case study because of its peculiar territorial urban–rural structure. We first assess the environmental sustainability targets across Italian NUTS 3 regions and their capital cities using two composite sustainability indexes, by referring to both standard values (i.e. conforming to legislation) and optimum values (i.e. desired values). Then, we investigate the relationship between environmental sustainability and rurality. Results suggest that a positive link between the two exists, being stronger at city level. Among major policy implications, the environmental dimensions of territorial cohesion should be integrated more strongly in key European policies to reach a more balanced SD.     

Ethnographic understandings of ethnically diverse neighbourhoods to inform urban design practice

The aim of this paper is to inform urban design practice through deeper understanding and analysis of the social dynamics of public outdoor space in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. We hypothesise that findings from ethnographic research can provide a resource that improves cultural literacy and supports social justice in professional practice. The primary method is a meta-synthesis literature review of 24 ethnographic research papers, all of which explore some dimensions of public open space use and values in UK urban contexts characterised by ethnic and racial diversity. We summarise thematic understandings and significance of neighbourhood places of shared activity, parks, spaces of passing-by and of retreat. We evaluate the implications for intercultural social dynamics, exploring the spatial and temporal dimensions of conviviality and racism in public open space. We then argue that it is possible to develop principles for urban design practice informed by this work, and propose four for discussion: maximising straightforward participation, legitimising diversity of activity, designing in micro-retreats of nearby quietness and addressing structural inequalities of open space provision. We conclude that ethnographic research can provide detailed insights into the use of the public realm and also inform a more nuanced understanding of outdoor sociality relevant for an increasingly diverse society. The challenge is two-fold: for ethnographers to become less cautious in engaging with decisions and priorities regarding how cities change, and for urban designers to explicitly embed informed understandings of difference into their broad desire for inclusive public space.