Understanding Social Complexity Within the Wildland–Urban Interface: A New Species of Human Habitation?

The lack of knowledge regarding social diversity in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) or an in-depth understanding of the ways people living there interact to address common problems is concerning, perhaps even dangerous, given that community action is necessary for successful wildland fire preparedness and natural resource management activities. In this article, we lay out the knowledge and preliminary case study evidence needed to begin systematically documenting the differing levels and types of adaptive capacity WUI communities have for addressing collective problems such as wildland fire hazard. In order to achieve this end, we draw from two theoretical perspectives encompassing humans' interactions with their environment, including (1) Kenneth Wilkinson's interactional approach to community, (2) and certain elements of place literature. We also present case study research on wildfire protection planning in two drastically different California communities to illustrate how social diversity influences adaptive capacity to deal with hazards such as wildland fire. These perspectives promote an image of the WUI not as a monolithic entity but a complex mosaic of communities with different needs and existing capacities for wildland fire and natural resource management.     

城市火灾案例库辅助决策方法的研究

在对城市火灾事故案例进行全面调查、统计和分类分析的基础上,提出一种城市火灾案例特征属性的表示框架,对特征属性进行了层次化和结构化,同时对属性值的取值进行较为科学而严格的定义,进而应用混合相似度度量方法和粗糙-模糊集方法提炼案例中蕴涵的灭火救援知识,给出一种灭火救援辅助决策过程模型;通过查找最相似案例和案例库提炼出相关的灭火救援规则进行灭火救援辅助决策;成功进行了实例验证。该模型的建立可为城市火灾案例智能决策系统的研究提供参考。     

城市轨道交通安全评价体系研究

现阶段我国已进入城市轨道工程建设高峰期,安全事故频发。为预防城市轨道交通工程各类安全事故的发生,其安全评价工作逐步受到重视。笔者依据现行安全评价标准的要求,结合自身实际工作,对城市轨道交通工程安全预评价、试运营前安全评价、安全验收评价及运营安全现状评价工作的主要内容及评价重点进行了分析研究,提出了城市轨道交通工程安全评价体系。     

城市工业化灾害及其综合减灾设计对策──兼论北京城市防灾减灾的规划编研思路

文章从城市减灾问题研究的实际出发 ,认为城市灾害系统中对于城市威胁最大的城市工业化灾害至今重视不够 ,甚至缺少必要评估。无论是大中城市发展 ,还是大力倡导的中国小城镇建设 ,城市工业化防灾应引起关注。因此提出不仅应研究城市减灾中的工业化致灾问题 ,还必须关注工业建筑及建设中的防灾规划及布局 ,这是一项极为重要的可持续发展战略。     

基于空间信息技术的城市环境时空调控范式研究

城市环境－生态系统是高度复杂的时空复合动力学系统。通过对城市环境问题的空间动力学机制分析后,提出城市环境可持续发展时空调控的层次途径,并构造了融合遥感、地理信息系统等空间信息技术、环境建模技术、决策支持系统、人工智能等技术的城市生态－环境系统时空调控的体系框架,为城市环境管理及环境空间决策提供新的理论范。     

城市屋面绿化生态热效应

文章在享有“火炉”这称的山城重庆夏末季节对草坪层面与水泥屋面的热特性进行了对比实测分析,研究结果表明草坪屋面具有显著的生态热效应。     

Air Quality in Norwich, UK Multi-Scale Modelling to Assess the Significance of City, County and Regional Pollution Sources

Norwich is the eastern most city in the United Kingdom. Despite a population of only 100,000 and very little local industry, studies have shown that the city experiences levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates and sulphur dioxide exceeding the UK Air Quality Standards. Because of Norwich's situation within a large, predominantly rural area a large non-resident workforce is one factor that contributes to large, often very congested traffic flows. The city's location close to the European mainland also exposes it to polluted airmasses transported from the continent, especially in the case of particulates and ozone. In order to assess the relative contributions of local and regional sources, data from rural and urban monitoring sites are to be used in conjunction with ADMS-Urban and the UK Meteorological Office's NAME model.     

北京城区春季空气污染物垂直分布与气象条件观测分析

分析了北京城区春季污染物 (SO2 、NOX)垂直分布与相应的气象条件之间的关系 ,结果表明 ,不同高度的 SO2 浓度差异不显著 ,而不同高度的 NOX 浓度有明显的差异 ,知春路低层浓度高于中、高层 ,潘家园则是低层低于中、高层。一日中 ,特别是当无大的天气系统影响 ,地面呈典型的山谷风日变化时不同高度的 SO2 和 NOX浓度均呈明显的峰谷变化。工作日污染物浓度比休息日浓度高 50 %。     

Photocatalytic degradation of NOx in a pilot street canyon configuration using TiO2-mortar panels

Titanium dioxide is the most important photocatalysts used for purifying applications. If a TiO₂- containing material is left outdoors as a form of flat panels, it is activated by sunlight to remove harmful NOx gases during the day. The photocatalytic efficiency of a TiO₂-treated mortar for removal of NOx was investigated in the frame of this work. For this purpose a fully equipped monitoring system was designed at a pilot site. This system allows the in situ evaluation of the de-polluting properties of a photocatalytic material by taking into account the climatologic phenomena in street canyons, accurate measurements of pollution level and full registration of meteorological data The pilot site involved three artificial canyon streets, a pollution source, continuous NOx measurements inside the canyons and the source as well as background and meteorological measurements. Significant differences on the NOx concentration level were observed between the TiO₂ treated and the reference canyon. NOx values in TiO₂ canyon were 36.7 to 82.0% lower than the ones observed in the reference one. Data arising from this study could be used to assess the impact of the photocatalytic material on the purification of the urban environment.     

我国环境污染治理投资的发展及存在问题

环境污染治理投资对于改善我国环境状况,遏制环境污染发展趋势具有重要作用.在界定了环境污染治理投资统计范围之后对我国环境污染治理投资的发展历程、投资结构进行了具体分析,其中重点分析了我国工业污染源治理投资的发展过程和投资结构,总结了我国环境污染治理投资存在的问题,以供决策部门参考.