粉尘危害事件调查分析

在国内外粉尘危害事件频发的背景下,本文通过系统收集国内外报道的典型粉尘危害事件,探讨了粉尘危害事件的基本特征,并从政府、企业和技术发展3个层面对造成这些粉尘危害事件的成因进行分析。     

肘部支撑在视频显示终端作业过程中对背部和右手表面肌电影响的Meta分析

本文主要探讨肘部支撑在视频显示终端作业过程中对背部和右手表面肌电的影响。采用Meta分析方法对以往研究资料进行筛检及汇总分析。结果发现：左右侧斜方肌的最大自主收缩百分比（MVC％）分别下降了0．83％（95％CI-1．00％--0．66％）和0．61％（95％CI-0．78％～-0．43％）,对于右手食指伸指肌而言,其影响并不具有显著性。可以认为肘部支撑是一种比较简单而且有效的预防措施。     

西安市城中村事故隐患分析及对策措施研究

以实地调查所得的西安市城中村的安全状况为依据,针对西安市城中村事故频发、救援困难的特点,从系统论的观点,全面分析了西安市城中村这一系统所存在的主要危险有害因素,得到以西安市城中村灾害事故为顶上事件的事故树,充分运用事故树模型,计算得出西安市城中村存在的主要危险有害因素的结构重要度排序。本次调查研究以有效的解决西安市城中村事故隐患为目的,利用系统论和FTA为研究手段,针对目前西安城中村事故隐患提出了“五加强”的对策：加强施工安全规范、加强交通管理、加强治安巡查力度、加强基础设施建设、加强消防知识教育,为全国各大城市城中村事故隐患问题的解决提供一定的参考。     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

太湖表层沉积物重金属污染评价与来源分析

对太湖湖区表层沉积物中11种重金属的总量进行调查分析,借助地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归受体模型对重金属来源进行解析.结果显示太湖沉积物中Cd、Sb含量平均值分别为江苏省土壤背景值的4.29倍和3.18倍,地累积指数表明Cd和Sb为偏中度...     

成都市城镇体系空间结构研究

成都市位于四川盆地的成都平原上,是我国为数不多的较典型的同心圆城市之一。目前,成都市的城市发展已经进入了工业化与城市化中期阶段。从空间结构理论入手,对成都市城镇体系的空间结构进行分析,结果显示：行政辖区内的14个郊县（区）呈现具有黄金分割特征的五边形结构,并可划分为5个五边形。它们分别是：龙泉驿-新都-郫县-温江-双流5个近郊县、区构成的卫星城镇环;大邑-崇州-邛崃-蒲江-新津5个郊县构成的远郊城镇环;以都江堰为共同顶点,由近郊卫星城镇与远郊县、区构成的2个五边形城镇环（郫县-新都-青白江-彭州-都江堰、郫县-温江-崇州-大邑-都江堰）,以及成都主城区东、南部尚待形成的五边形城镇体系结构。在理论上论证了成都市向东、向南发展的客观性、必然性。     

城市生态系统复合下垫面碳通量特征——以上海市奉贤大学城为例

随着城市化进程的加速和城市人口规模的增加,城市已成为最大的碳源,研究城市生态系统对大气二氧化碳的贡献成为碳循环研究的焦点问题之一。基于研究区域内土地利用现状和一年的涡动观测系统观测数据,结合地理信息技术(Arc GIS)和通量计算工具(Eddypro及ART Footprint Tool)以及碳通量足迹模型分析了上海奉贤大学城碳通量足迹特征,基于此探讨不同下垫面类型,包括以草本和木本等透水层为主的下垫面(称为自然系统),以建筑物、道路等不透水层为主的下垫面(称为社会系统)碳通量的变化特征。研究结果表明:1)在不同风向上,碳通量贡献区范围随着大气稳定度的增加而扩大。大气处于稳定条件下,非主风向上的碳通量贡献区范围(最大范围1 100 m)比主风向上的碳通量贡献区范围(最大范围780m)要大;当大气处于不稳定条件下时主风向和非主风向下的碳通量贡献区范围相差不大(最大范围分别为321和351m)。2)不同下垫面其源汇特征不同,以绿色植物为主的自然系统年碳通量均值为–4.1μmol/m~2/s,表现为碳汇;社会系统的年碳通量均值为8.6μmol/m~2/s,表现为碳源。3)自然系统的碳通量日变化具有较明显的季节分异,变化特征大致呈"U"型;社会系统的碳通量日变化没有明显的季节分异,变化特征大致呈"M"型。绿色植物对城市生态系统的大气二氧化碳有降低作用,结合自然和社会系统的碳通量变化特征可以为以后合理规划城市布局,建立低碳城市提供服务。     

长江经济带城市对外服务能力时空演变分析

基于城市流强度模型测算2000年以来长江经济带126个地级以上城市在全国范围内的对外服务能力,进而采用改良锡尔系数、马尔可夫链和ESDA方法对城市对外服务能力的时空演变特征进行探讨。结果表明:研究时段内长江经济带各市城市流强度都有显著提升,但区域间的非均衡现象明显,城市对外服务能力呈现出由东部向西部的梯度递减;省内差异对城市对外服务能力的差异贡献率最高,是空间尺度差异的主要来源;对外服务能力存在明显的俱乐部趋同现象和空间自相关性,对外服务能力相似的区域聚集分布,东、中、西部分别形成长三角、武汉-长沙、成渝等对外服务区域中心;时空演变表现出阶段性特征,经历由极化向均衡的转变。最后指出多中心发展和寻找新增长点应成为长江经济带城市对外服务能力提升的方向。